1.整体结构
BlockChain结构体被用来管理整个区块单向链表，在一个Ethereum客户端软件(比如钱包)中，只会有一个BlockChain对象存在。同Block/Header的关系类似，BlockChain还有一个成员变量类型是HeaderChain, 用来管理所有Header组成的单向链表。当然，HeaderChain在全局范围内也仅有一个对象，并被BlockChain持有(准确说是HeaderChain只会被BlockChain和LightChain持有，LightChain类似于BlockChain，但默认只处理Headers，不过依然可以下载bodies和receipts)。它们的UML关系图如下所示：
image.png
BlockChain 同HeaderChain有诸多类似之处。
比如二者都有相同的ChainConfig对象，有相同的Database接口行为变量以提供[k,v]数据的读取和写入
BlockChain 有成员genesisBlock和currentBlock，分别对应创世块和当前块，而HeaderChain则有genesisHeader和currentHeader；
BlockChain 有bodyCache，blockCache 等成员用以缓存高频调用对象，而HeaderChain则有headerCache, tdCache, numberCache等缓存成员变量。
BlockChain 相对于HeaderChain主要增多了Processor和Validator两个接口行为变量，前者用以执行所有交易对象，后者可以验证诸如Body等数据成员的有效性
共识机制
blockchain及headerchain都有engine成员, 是Ethereum系统里共识算法的一个主要行为接口，它基于符合某种共识算法规范的算法库，提供如下接口
//consensus/consensus.gotype Engine interface { // Author retrieves the Ethereum address of the account that minted the given
// block, which may be different from the header's coinbase if a consensus
// engine is based on signatures.
Author(header *types.Header) (common.Address, error) // VerifyHeader checks whether a header conforms to the consensus rules of a
// given engine. Verifying the seal may be done optionally here, or explicitly
// via the VerifySeal method.
VerifyHeader(chain ChainReader, header *types.Header, seal bool) error // VerifyHeaders is similar to VerifyHeader, but verifies a batch of headers
// concurrently. The method returns a quit channel to abort the operations and
// a results channel to retrieve the async verifications (the order is that of
// the input slice).
VerifyHeaders(chain ChainReader, headers []*types.Header, seals []bool) (chan<- struct{}, <-chan error) // VerifyUncles verifies that the given block's uncles conform to the consensus
// rules of a given engine.
VerifyUncles(chain ChainReader, block *types.Block) error // VerifySeal checks whether the crypto seal on a header is valid according to
// the consensus rules of the given engine.
VerifySeal(chain ChainReader, header *types.Header) error // Prepare initializes the consensus fields of a block header according to the
// rules of a particular engine. The changes are executed inline.
Prepare(chain ChainReader, header *types.Header) error // Finalize runs any post-transaction state modifications (e.g. block rewards)
// and assembles the final block.
// Note: The block header and state database might be updated to reflect any
// consensus rules that happen at finalization (e.g. block rewards).
Finalize(chain ChainReader, header *types.Header, state *state.StateDB, txs []*types.Transaction,
uncles []*types.Header, receipts []*types.Receipt) (*types.Block, error) // Seal generates a new block for the given input block with the local miner's
// seal place on top.
Seal(chain ChainReader, block *types.Block, stop <-chan struct{}) (*types.Block, error) // CalcDifficulty is the difficulty adjustment algorithm. It returns the difficulty
// that a new block should have.
CalcDifficulty(chain ChainReader, time uint64, parent *types.Header) *big.Int // APIs returns the RPC APIs this consensus engine provides.
APIs(chain ChainReader) []rpc.API
}等一系列涉及到数据合法性的关键函数。不仅仅BlockChain和HeaderChain结构体，在Ethereum系统里，所有跟验证区块对象相关的操作都会调用Engine行为接口来完成
目前存在两种共识算法规范，
一种是基于POW(proof-of-work)，叫Ethash (consensus/ethash/)
另一种基于POW(proof-of-authority)，叫Clique(consensus/clique)
数据结构
BlockChain
//core/blockchain.gotype BlockChain struct {
chainConfig *params.ChainConfig // Chain & network configuration
cacheConfig *CacheConfig // Cache configuration for pruning
db ethdb.Database // Low level persistent database to store final content in
triegc *prque.Prque // Priority queue mapping block numbers to tries to gc
gcproc time.Duration // Accumulates canonical block processing for trie dumping
hc *HeaderChain
rmLogsFeed event.Feed
chainFeed event.Feed
chainSideFeed event.Feed
chainHeadFeed event.Feed
logsFeed event.Feed
scope event.SubscriptionScope
genesisBlock *types.Block
mu sync.RWMutex // global mutex for locking chain operations
chainmu sync.RWMutex // blockchain insertion lock
procmu sync.RWMutex // block processor lock
checkpoint int // checkpoint counts towards the new checkpoint
currentBlock atomic.Value // Current head of the block chain
currentFastBlock atomic.Value // Current head of the fast-sync chain (may be above the block chain!)
stateCache state.Database // State database to reuse between imports (contains state cache)
bodyCache *lru.Cache // Cache for the most recent block bodies
bodyRLPCache *lru.Cache // Cache for the most recent block bodies in RLP encoded format
blockCache *lru.Cache // Cache for the most recent entire blocks
futureBlocks *lru.Cache // future blocks are blocks added for later processing
quit chan struct{} // blockchain quit channel
running int32 // running must be called atomically
// procInterrupt must be atomically called
procInterrupt int32 // interrupt signaler for block processing
wg sync.WaitGroup // chain processing wait group for shutting down
//共识机制
engine consensus.Engine
processor Processor // block processor interface
validator Validator // block and state validator interface
vmConfig vm.Config
badBlocks *lru.Cache // Bad block cache}HeaderChain
//core/headerchain.gotype HeaderChain struct {
config *params.ChainConfig
chainDb ethdb.Database
genesisHeader *types.Header
currentHeader atomic.Value // Current head of the header chain (may be above the block chain!)
currentHeaderHash common.Hash // Hash of the current head of the header chain (prevent recomputing all the time)
headerCache *lru.Cache // Cache for the most recent block headers
tdCache *lru.Cache // Cache for the most recent block total difficulties
numberCache *lru.Cache // Cache for the most recent block numbers
procInterrupt func() bool
rand *mrand.Rand //共识机制
engine consensus.Engine
}Block
//core/types/block.go// Block represents an entire block in the Ethereum blockchain.type Block struct {
header *Header
uncles []*Header
transactions Transactions // caches
hash atomic.Value
size atomic.Value // Td is used by package core to store the total difficulty
// of the chain up to and including the block.
td *big.Int // These fields are used by package eth to track
// inter-peer block relay.
ReceivedAt time.Time
ReceivedFrom interface{}
}
type Header struct {
ParentHash common.Hash `json:"parentHash" gencodec:"required"`
UncleHash common.Hash `json:"sha3Uncles" gencodec:"required"`
Coinbase common.Address `json:"miner" gencodec:"required"`
Root common.Hash `json:"stateRoot" gencodec:"required"`
TxHash common.Hash `json:"transactionsRoot" gencodec:"required"`
ReceiptHash common.Hash `json:"receiptsRoot" gencodec:"required"`
Bloom Bloom `json:"logsBloom" gencodec:"required"`
Difficulty *big.Int `json:"difficulty" gencodec:"required"`
Number *big.Int `json:"number" gencodec:"required"`
GasLimit uint64 `json:"gasLimit" gencodec:"required"`
GasUsed uint64 `json:"gasUsed" gencodec:"required"`
Time *big.Int `json:"timestamp" gencodec:"required"`
Extra []byte `json:"extraData" gencodec:"required"`
MixDigest common.Hash `json:"mixHash" gencodec:"required"`
Nonce BlockNonce `json:"nonce" gencodec:"required"`
}
type Body struct {
Transactions []*Transaction
Uncles []*Header
}Transaction
//core/types/transaction.gotype Transaction struct {
data txdata // caches
hash atomic.Value
size atomic.Value
from atomic.Value
}
type txdata struct {
AccountNonce uint64 `json:"nonce" gencodec:"required"`
Price *big.Int `json:"gasPrice" gencodec:"required"`
GasLimit uint64 `json:"gas" gencodec:"required"`
Recipient *common.Address `json:"to" rlp:"nil"` // nil means contract creation
Amount *big.Int `json:"value" gencodec:"required"`
Payload []byte `json:"input" gencodec:"required"` // Signature values
V *big.Int `json:"v" gencodec:"required"`
R *big.Int `json:"r" gencodec:"required"`
S *big.Int `json:"s" gencodec:"required"` // This is only used when marshaling to JSON.
Hash *common.Hash `json:"hash" rlp:"-"`
}
type txdataMarshaling struct {
AccountNonce hexutil.Uint64
Price *hexutil.Big
GasLimit hexutil.Uint64
Amount *hexutil.Big
Payload hexutil.Bytes
V *hexutil.Big
R *hexutil.Big
S *hexutil.Big
}
作者：古则
链接：https://www.jianshu.com/p/487c448009e5