https://medium.com/@gauravsingharoy/build-your-first-api-server-with-httprouter-in-golang-732b7b01f6ab
作者:Gaurav Singha Roy
译者:oopsguy.com
我 10 个月前开始成为一名 Gopher,没有回头。像许多其他 gopher 一样,我很快发现简单的语言特性对于快速构建快速、可扩展的软件非常有用。当我刚开始学习 Go 时,我正在玩不同的多路复用器(multiplexer),它可以作为 API 服务器使用。如果您像我一样有 Rails 背景,你可能也会在构建 Web 框架提供的所有功能方面遇到困难。回到多路复用器,我发现了 3 个是非常有用的好东西,即 Gorilla mux、httprouter 和 bone(按性能从低到高排列)。即使 bone 有最佳性能和更简单的 handler 签名,但对于我来说,它仍然不够成熟,无法用于生产环境。因此,我最终使用了 httprouter。在本教程中,我将使用 httprouter 构建一个简单的 REST API 服务器。
如果你想偷懒,只想获取源码,你可以在这里[4]直接检出我的 github 仓库。
让我们开始吧。首先创建一个基本端点:
package mainimport ( "fmt" "log" "net/http" "github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter")func Index(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, _ httprouter.Params) { fmt.Fprint(w, "Welcome!\n") }func main() { router := httprouter.New() router.GET("/", Index) log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", router)) }
在上面的代码段中,Index
是一个 handler 函数,需要传入三个参数。 之后,该 handler 将在 main
函数中被注册到 GET /
路径。 现在编译并运行您的程序,转到 http:// localhost:8080
,来查看您的 API 服务器。点击这里[1]获取当前代码。
现在我们可以让 API 变得复杂一点。我们现在有一个名为 Book
的实体,可以把 ISDN
字段作为唯一标识。让我们创建更多的动作,即分表代表着 Index 和 Show 动作的 GET /books
和 GET /books/:isdn
。 我们的 main.go
文件此时如下:
package mainimport ( "encoding/json" "fmt" "log" "net/http" "github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter")func Index(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, _ httprouter.Params) { fmt.Fprint(w, "Welcome!\n") }type Book struct { // The main identifier for the Book. This will be unique. ISDN string `json:"isdn"` Title string `json:"title"` Author string `json:"author"` Pages int `json:"pages"`}type JsonResponse struct { // Reserved field to add some meta information to the API response Meta interface{} `json:"meta"` Data interface{} `json:"data"`}type JsonErrorResponse struct { Error *ApiError `json:"error"`}type ApiError struct { Status int16 `json:"status"` Title string `json:"title"`}// A map to store the books with the ISDN as the key// This acts as the storage in lieu of an actual databasevar bookstore = make(map[string]*Book)// Handler for the books index action// GET /booksfunc BookIndex(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, _ httprouter.Params) { books := []*Book{} for _, book := range bookstore { books = append(books, book) } response := &JsonResponse{Data: &books} w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=UTF-8") w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK) if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(response); err != nil { panic(err) } }// Handler for the books Show action// GET /books/:isdnfunc BookShow(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, params httprouter.Params) { isdn := params.ByName("isdn") book, ok := bookstore[isdn] w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=UTF-8") if !ok { // No book with the isdn in the url has been found w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotFound) response := JsonErrorResponse{Error: &ApiError{Status: 404, Title: "Record Not Found"}} if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(response); err != nil { panic(err) } } response := JsonResponse{Data: book} if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(response); err != nil { panic(err) } }func main() { router := httprouter.New() router.GET("/", Index) router.GET("/books", BookIndex) router.GET("/books/:isdn", BookShow) // Create a couple of sample Book entries bookstore["123"] = &Book{ ISDN: "123", Title: "Silence of the Lambs", Author: "Thomas Harris", Pages: 367, } bookstore["124"] = &Book{ ISDN: "124", Title: "To Kill a Mocking Bird", Author: "Harper Lee", Pages: 320, } log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", router)) }
如果您现在尝试请求 GET https:// localhost:8080/books
,您将得到以下响应:
{ "meta": null, "data": [ { "isdn": "123", "title": "Silence of the Lambs", "author": "Thomas Harris", "pages": 367 }, { "isdn": "124", "title": "To Kill a Mocking Bird", "author": "Harper Lee", "pages": 320 } ] }
我们在 main
函数中硬编码了这两个 book 实体。点击这里[2]获取当前阶段的代码。
让我们来重构一下代码。 到目前为止,我们所有的代码都放置在同一个文件中:main.go
。我们可以把它们移到各个单独的文件中。此时我们有一个目录:
. ├── handlers.go├── main.go├── models.go└── responses.go
我们把所有与 JSON
响应相关的结构体移动到 responses.go
,将 handler 函数移动到 Handlers.go
,且将 Book
结构体移动到 models.go
。点击这里[3]查看当前阶段的代码。 现在,我们跳过来写一些测试。在 Go 中,*_test.go
文件是用于测试的。因此让我们创建一个 handlers_test.go
。
package mainimport ( "net/http" "net/http/httptest" "testing" "github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter")func TestBookIndex(t *testing.T) { // Create an entry of the book to the bookstore map testBook := &Book{ ISDN: "111", Title: "test title", Author: "test author", Pages: 42, } bookstore["111"] = testBook // A request with an existing isdn req1, err := http.NewRequest("GET", "/books", nil) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } rr1 := newRequestRecorder(req1, "GET", "/books", BookIndex) if rr1.Code != 200 { t.Error("Expected response code to be 200") } // expected response er1 := "{\"meta\":null,\"data\":[{\"isdn\":\"111\",\"title\":\"test title\",\"author\":\"test author\",\"pages\":42}]}\n" if rr1.Body.String() != er1 { t.Error("Response body does not match") } }// Mocks a handler and returns a httptest.ResponseRecorderfunc newRequestRecorder(req *http.Request, method string, strPath string, fnHandler func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, param httprouter.Params)) *httptest.ResponseRecorder { router := httprouter.New() router.Handle(method, strPath, fnHandler) // We create a ResponseRecorder (which satisfies http.ResponseWriter) to record the response. rr := httptest.NewRecorder() // Our handlers satisfy http.Handler, so we can call their ServeHTTP method // directly and pass in our Request and ResponseRecorder. router.ServeHTTP(rr, req) return rr }
我们使用 httptest
包的 Recorder 来 mock handler。同样,您也可以为 handler BookShow
编写测试。
让我们稍微做些重构。我们仍然把所有路由都定义在了 main
函数中,handler 看起来有点臃肿,我们可以做点 DRY,我们仍然在终端中输出一些日志消息,并且可以添加一个 BookCreate
handler 来创建一个新的 Book。
首先,让我们解决 handlers.go
。
package mainimport ( "encoding/json" "fmt" "io" "io/ioutil" "net/http" "github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter")func Index(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, _ httprouter.Params) { fmt.Fprint(w, "Welcome!\n") }// Handler for the books Create action// POST /booksfunc BookCreate(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, params httprouter.Params) { book := &Book{} if err := populateModelFromHandler(w, r, params, book); err != nil { writeErrorResponse(w, http.StatusUnprocessableEntity, "Unprocessible Entity") return } bookstore[book.ISDN] = book writeOKResponse(w, book) }// Handler for the books index action// GET /booksfunc BookIndex(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, _ httprouter.Params) { books := []*Book{} for _, book := range bookstore { books = append(books, book) } writeOKResponse(w, books) }// Handler for the books Show action// GET /books/:isdnfunc BookShow(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, params httprouter.Params) { isdn := params.ByName("isdn") book, ok := bookstore[isdn] if !ok { // No book with the isdn in the url has been found writeErrorResponse(w, http.StatusNotFound, "Record Not Found") return } writeOKResponse(w, book) }// Writes the response as a standard JSON response with StatusOKfunc writeOKResponse(w http.ResponseWriter, m interface{}) { w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=UTF-8") w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK) if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(&JsonResponse{Data: m}); err != nil { writeErrorResponse(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, "Internal Server Error") } }// Writes the error response as a Standard API JSON response with a response codefunc writeErrorResponse(w http.ResponseWriter, errorCode int, errorMsg string) { w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=UTF-8") w.WriteHeader(errorCode) json. NewEncoder(w). Encode(&JsonErrorResponse{Error: &ApiError{Status: errorCode, Title: errorMsg}}) }//Populates a model from the params in the Handlerfunc populateModelFromHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, params httprouter.Params, model interface{}) error { body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(r.Body, 1048576)) if err != nil { return err } if err := r.Body.Close(); err != nil { return err } if err := json.Unmarshal(body, model); err != nil { return err } return nil}
我创建了两个函数,writeOKResponse
用于将 StatusOK
写入响应,其返回一个 model 或一个 model slice,writeErrorResponse
将在发生预期或意外错误时将 JSON
错误作为响应。像任何一个优秀的 gopher 一样,我们不应该 panic。我还添加了一个名为 populateModelFromHandler
的函数,它将内容从 body 中解析成所需的任何 model(struct)。在这种情况下,我们在 BookCreate
handler 中使用它来填充一个 Book
。
现在,我们来看看日志。我们简单地创建一个 Logger
函数,它包装了 handler 函数,并在执行 handler 函数之前和之后打印日志消息。
package mainimport ( "log" "net/http" "time" "github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter")// A Logger function which simply wraps the handler function around some log messagesfunc Logger(fn func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, param httprouter.Params)) func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, param httprouter.Params) { return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, param httprouter.Params) { start := time.Now() log.Printf("%s %s", r.Method, r.URL.Path) fn(w, r, param) log.Printf("Done in %v (%s %s)", time.Since(start), r.Method, r.URL.Path) } }
我们来看看路由。首先,在一个地方集中定义所有路由,比如 routes.go
。
package mainimport "github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter"/* Define all the routes here. A new Route entry passed to the routes slice will be automatically translated to a handler with the NewRouter() function */type Route struct { Name string Method string Path string HandlerFunc httprouter.Handle }type Routes []Routefunc AllRoutes() Routes { routes := Routes{ Route{"Index", "GET", "/", Index}, Route{"BookIndex", "GET", "/books", BookIndex}, Route{"Bookshow", "GET", "/books/:isdn", BookShow}, Route{"Bookshow", "POST", "/books", BookCreate}, } return routes }
让我们创建一个 NewRouter
函数,它可以在 main
函数中调用,它读取上面定义的所有路由,并返回一个可用的 httprouter.Router
。因此创建一个文件 router.go
。我们还将使用新创建的 Logger
函数来包装 handler。
package mainimport "github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter"//Reads from the routes slice to translate the values to httprouter.Handlefunc NewRouter(routes Routes) *httprouter.Router { router := httprouter.New() for _, route := range routes { var handle httprouter.Handle handle = route.HandlerFunc handle = Logger(handle) router.Handle(route.Method, route.Path, handle) } return router }
您的目录此时应该像这样:
. ├── handlers.go├── handlers_test.go├── logger.go├── main.go├── models.go├── responses.go├── router.go└── routes.go
在这里[4]查看完整代码。
这应该可以让你开始编写你自己的 API 服务器了。 你当然需要把你的功能放在不同的包中,所以一个好办法就是:
. ├── LICENSE ├── README.md ├── handlers │ ├── books_test.go │ └── books.go ├── models │ ├── book.go │ └── * ├── store │ ├── * └── lib | ├── * ├── main.go ├── router.go ├── rotes.go
如果您有一个大的单体服务器,您还可以将 handlers
、models
和所有路由功能都放在另一个名为 app
的包中。只要记住,go 不像 Java 或 Scala 那样可以有循环的包调用。因此你必须格外小心您的包结构。
这就是全部内容,希望本教程能对您有用。干杯!
注
[1] https://github.com/gsingharoy/httprouter-tutorial/tree/master/part1
[2] https://github.com/gsingharoy/httprouter-tutorial/tree/master/part2
[3] https://github.com/gsingharoy/httprouter-tutorial/tree/master/part3
[4] https://github.com/gsingharoy/httprouter-tutorial/tree/master/part4
[Gorilla mux] https://github.com/gorilla/mux
[httprouter] https://github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter