- 这是一份礼物 🎁 API编程：理解API、协议、安全和实现 | 点击链接可了解
此处省略部分内容
停下来——如果你认为你的 API “只是好用” 或者认为切换到最新的流行技术就足够了，你就在错失良机。在今天迅速发展的软件领域里，关于 API 的误解可以悄然损害项目并使公司蒙受重大损失。在这篇文章中，我们将揭露五个常见的 API 编程误区——从永无止境的 REST 与 GraphQL 之争到忽略持续安全性的风险，并向你展示如何构建更智能、更安全、更高效的 API 的实用方法。此外，我们还会为你提供一些有用的资源，并分享一些 Python 代码示例来让你开始。
……
神话 1: “REST 要死了；GraphQL 是唯一的未来”
很容易就被这种炒作带走。有人认为 REST 已经落伍了，而 GraphQL 被认为能神奇地解决你所有的数据获取问题。但事实是：REST 和 GraphQL 都有各自的优缺点。REST 经过多年的演变，其简洁性使它在需求简单时成为很好的选择。GraphQL 让客户端可以精确指定需要的数据，从而减少过度获取的情况，但如果使用不当，它也会带来额外的复杂性和性能问题。
实用资源:
基于 FastAPI 的 REST 代码示例:
从 fastapi 导入 FastAPI 作为 app
@app.get("/users/{user_id}")
async def get_user(user_id: int):
# 在实际的应用程序中，这里可能会执行数据库查询。
return {"user_id": user_id, "name": "John Doe", "email": "john.doe@example.com"}
# 请将上述代码保存为 main.py 并运行以下命令：
# uvicorn main:app --reload
（请在终端中输入以上命令）进入全屏，退出全屏
Python 代码示例 (GraphQL 与 Graphene):
import graphene
class User(graphene.ObjectType):
id = graphene.Int()
name = graphene.String()
email = graphene.String()
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
user = graphene.Field(User, id=graphene.Int(required=True))
def resolve_user(self, info, user_id):
# 在实际应用中，请用实际的数据获取逻辑替换这一行。
return User(id=user_id, name="John Doe", email="john.doe@example.com")
schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query)
if __name__ == '__main__':
query_string = '{ user(id: 1) { id name email } }'
result = schema.execute(query_string)
打印结果.data
全屏模式 退出全屏
实用提示:
在转向 GraphQL 之前，先评估你项目的具体需求。从简单的 REST 开始，使用像 FastAPI 这样的框架进行快速原型开发。如果后来发现前端需要 REST 无法轻易提供的动态字段选择功能，那么可以考虑部分迁移 API 到 GraphQL。
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第二个误区： “一旦建立了 API，就很难更改”
许多开发者认为，一旦API上线，最难的部分就结束了。实际上，API是一个活的产品。市场会变化，用户需求会演变，你的后端系统可能会增长或重构。未能及时更新和微调你的API可能会导致性能瓶颈、扩展性问题，甚至潜在的安全漏洞。
这里有一些有用的资源:
可操作的技巧：
使用诸如Prometheus和Grafana之类的工具设置持续的监控并定期审查API性能。记录响应时间和错误率，并根据需要重构过时的端点。这种主动的方法将帮助你避免昂贵的紧急修复费用。
……
误区 3：「如果你的系统没有被黑客攻击过，你的 API 就是安全」
人们对安全性的理解常常有误。仅仅因为你的API还没有被攻击过，并不意味着它是安全的。许多开发人员认为在刚开始时增加些安全措施就足够了。然而，攻击者不断进化，每天都会出现新的漏洞。昨天还安全的API，如果不进行更新，明天可能就变成了负担。
实用资源：
实用技巧：
制定一个积极的安全计划，例如定期审计、渗透测试和自动扫描。采用速率限制和严格的身份验证/授权检查来保护每个接口。记住，API 安全是一个持续的过程，而不仅仅是一次性的任务。
误区 4： “API 发布之后，沟通和文档就不再那么重要了”
许多人认为文档不如功能重要。赶着上线时，团队可能会只制作简短的文档而依赖内部人员的知识。但当外部合作伙伴或新团队成员需要使用API时，文档不充分可能导致误解、误用以及昂贵的错误。
实用资源:
实用贴士:
投入精力创建清晰、简洁且最新的API文档。使用诸如Swagger UI或Redoc之类的工具来自动生成和更新API文档。可以包含示例查询、代码片段和用例场景，以减少集成时的错误并帮助新员工更快上手。
API 设计误区 5：API 设计选择完全是个人偏好
人们常常会说“设计 API 没有唯一正确的方法”或认为这完全是主观的。虽然创新也有其价值，但糟糕的设计决策可能会带来切实的财务影响。一个混乱的、难以维护的 API 会导致开发时间增加、更多错误和用户感到不满。相比之下，精心设计——每个接口都清晰、高效且可扩展——会随着时间积累出回报。
实用资源:
实用技巧：
采用以设计为主的方法。在编写任何一行代码之前，花时间规划API的结构。通过设计审查和反馈会议尽早发现并解决潜在问题。如果可能的话，利用自动化测试和文档工具确保API既一致又能灵活应对不断变化的业务需求。
更多资源/代码示例
推荐阅读:，
一些Python代码示例:
基于FastAPI的REST API（完整示例）
从 fastapi 导入 FastAPI, HTTPException
从 pydantic 导入 BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
# 定义 Pydantic 模型进行验证
class User(BaseModel):
id: int
name: str
email: str
# 使用字典模拟数据库
fake_db = {
1: {"name": "John Doe", "email": "john.doe@example.com"},
2: {"name": "Jane Smith", "email": "jane.smith@example.com"}
}
@app.get("/users/{user_id}", response_model=User)
async def read_user(user_id: int):
user = fake_db.get(user_id)
if user:
return {"id": user_id, **user}
else:
raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="用户不存在")
# 使用如下命令启动应用: uvicorn main:app --reload
全屏 / 退出
GraphQL API with Graphene (完整示例教程):
import graphene
class User(graphene.ObjectType):
id = graphene.Int()
name = graphene.String()
email = graphene.String()
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
user = graphene.Field(User, id=graphene.Int(required=True))
def resolve_user(self, info, id):
# 模拟查询数据库
fake_db = {
1: {"name": "John Doe", "email": "john.doe@example.com"},
2: {"name": "Jane Smith", "email": "jane.smith@example.com"}
}
user_data = fake_db.get(id)
if user_data:
return User(id=id, **user_data)
return None
schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query)
if __name__ == '__main__':
query = '''
query getUser($id: Int!) {
user(id: $id) {
id
name
email
}
}
'''
variables = {"id": 1}
result = schema.execute(query, variable_values=variables)
# 打印结果数据
print(result.data)
进入全屏，退出全屏
最后的思考
APIs是现代软件中的幕后英雄——它们连接系统，驱动数字体验，让一切变成可能。但是如果你相信这些误区，你可能会构建出低效、不安全且维护成本高昂的API。通过质疑前提、监控性能、优先考虑安全、投资文档编写以及精心规划设计，你可以将你的API从隐藏的负担转变为真正的资产。
记住，我们的目标不是盲目追随最新的潮流。而是要使用经过实践验证的技术来构建能够经受时间考验的系统。所以回顾一下你的API策略，并在今天做出必要的调整。未来的你会感激的。你的利益也会因此受益。
现在你可以充满信心地开始构建API了。通往一个稳定、高效且可靠系统的道路始于挑战那些限制你前进的观念。祝你编程顺利！
你可以随意浏览相关链接中的资源，并根据你的项目需求对Python示例进行修改。
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📌 课程标题：API编程：理解API、协议、安全和实现 | 利用维基百科🔹 模块1：API编程基础 应用程序编程接口（API）简介 了解Web服务 超文本传输协议（HTTP）基础知识 🔹 模块2：API协议和数据格式 表征状态传输（REST） SOAP（简单对象访问协议） XML（可扩展标记语言） JSON（JavaScript对象表示法） 远程过程调用（RPC） 🔹 模块3：高级API通信技术 WebSocket gRPC用于实现高性能API 🔹 模块4：API安全 理解OAuth认证机制 JSON Web令牌（JWT）用于安全API访问 OpenID Connect用于身份管理 HTTPS对API安全的重要性 传输层安全协议 (TLS) 🔹 模块5：架构和实现模式 微服务架构基础知识 无服务器计算以支持可扩展API 面向服务的架构（SOA） 企业应用集成（EAI）