@TOC
1.新建虚拟环境的bug
描述
- 在PyCharm内新建或者打开一个项目时，我们需要选择一个python解释器，如果我们选择新建一个虚拟环境，如下图所示：
- 进入项目后，我们打开终端，可以看到自动进入了虚拟环境：
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(venv) PS D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\ExForTeach>
- 但是，如果我们尝试使用pip命令，会报错：
(venv) PS D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\ExForTeach> pip list
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\Xu Han\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python39\lib\runpy.py", line 197, in _run_module_as_main
return _run_code(code, main_globals, None,
File "C:\Users\Xu Han\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python39\lib\runpy.py", line 87, in _run_code
exec(code, run_globals)
File "D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\ExForTeach\venv\Scripts\pip.exe\__main__.py", line 4, in <module>
File "D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\ExForTeach\venv\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\main.py", line 9, in <module>
from pip._internal.cli.autocompletion import autocomplete
File "D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\ExForTeach\venv\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\autocompletion.py", line 10, in <module>
from pip._internal.cli.main_parser import create_main_parser
File "D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\ExForTeach\venv\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\main_parser.py", line 8, in <module>
from pip._internal.cli import cmdoptions
File "D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\ExForTeach\venv\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\cmdoptions.py", line 29, in <module>
from pip._internal.models.target_python import TargetPython
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'pip._internal.models.target_python'
解决方法
- 这时，我们只需要删除图中的文件夹：
- 然后再尝试使用pip命令：
(venv) PS D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\ExForTeach> pip list
Package Version
------------------ ---------
bleach 6.0.0
certifi 2022.12.7
chardet 5.1.0
charset-normalizer 2.1.1
contourpy 1.0.7
cycler 0.11.0
docutils 0.19
fonttools 4.38.0
idna 3.4
importlib-metadata 6.5.0
importlib-resources 5.12.0
jaraco.classes 3.2.3
keyring 23.13.1
kiwisolver 1.4.4
markdown-it-py 2.2.0
matplotlib 3.7.0
mdurl 0.1.2
more-itertools 9.1.0
numpy 1.24.1
-
可以看到pip已经可以正常使用了！
-
由于我继承了全局站点，因此这里我的软件包很多
2.更换路径的bug
- 前几天，我将项目的路径从
D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1改成C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1，然后尝试在虚拟环境中pip list，报错如下：
Fatal error in launcher: Unable to create process using '"D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1\venv\Scripts\python.exe" "C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1\venv\Scripts\pip.exe" list': ???????????
解决方法
- 在pycharm中，右击
venv\Scripts这个文件夹，查找替换成现在的路径即可，如下：
- 然后重新安装pip，由于这里是虚拟环境，所以
python -m ensurepip是不管用的
(venv) PS C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1> python -m ensurepip
Looking in links: c:\Users\XUHAN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\tmpr6ouww8y
Requirement already satisfied: setuptools in c:\users\xu han\desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1\venv\lib\site-packages (60.2.0)
Requirement already satisfied: pip in c:\users\xu han\appdata\local\programs\python\python39\lib\site-packages (23.1)
- 需要先尝试卸载：
(venv) PS C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1> python -m pip uninstall pip
如果你遇到了第一个bug，已经删除了venv\Lib\site-packages\pip和venv\Lib\site-packages\pip-23.3.1.dist-info，就不用卸载了
- 然后尝试升级
python.exe -m pip install --upgrade，升级的途中会自动安装：
(venv) PS C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1> python.exe -m pip install --upgrade pip
Looking in indexes: https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
Requirement already satisfied: pip in c:\users\xu han\appdata\local\programs\python\python39\lib\site-packages (23.1)
Collecting pip
Using cached https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/packages/47/6a/453160888fab7c6a432a6e25f8afe6256d0d9f2cbd25971021da6491d899/pip-23.3.1-py3-none-any.whl (2.1 MB)
Installing collected packages: pip
Attempting uninstall: pip
Found existing installation: pip 23.1
Not uninstalling pip at c:\users\xu han\appdata\local\programs\python\python39\lib\site-packages, outside environment C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1\venv
Can't uninstall 'pip'. No files were found to uninstall.
Successfully installed pip-23.3.1
[notice] A new release of pip is available: 23.1 -> 23.3.1
[notice] To update, run: python.exe -m pip install --upgrade pip
2.虚拟环境使用
2.1 特性
-
在虚拟环境中安装软件包完全不影响全局软件包
-
只要选择继承全局站点，虚拟环境就可以自由地使用全局软件包
-
如图，我在虚拟环境中安装了scipy，但是在全局中并没有这个软件包：
scipy 1.10.1
setuptools 60.2.0
six 1.16.0
setuptools 67.7.1
six 1.16.0
torch 1.13.1+cu116
2.2 进入与退出
进入
PS C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1> ./venv/Scripts/activate
退出
(venv) PS C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1> ./venv/Scripts/deactivate