在两个多月前我开始写 从源码看 Jetpack 系列文章,从源码角度介绍 Jetpack 多个组件实现原理,写了一半就停笔去写 Java 多线程编程 的文章去了,本篇文章就再来补上 ViewModel 这一个最为基础也最为开发者熟悉的组件
前文导航:
本文所讲的的源代码基于以下依赖库当前最新版本:
compileSdkVersion 30
implementation 'androidx.appcompat:appcompat:1.3.0-alpha02'
implementation "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-viewmodel:2.3.0-alpha07"
ViewModel 的使用方式基本是按照如下模板:ViewModelStoreOwner(Activity/Fragment)通过 ViewModelProvider 来完成 ViewModel 实例的初始化,并通过和 LifecycleOwner 绑定的方式来监听 LiveData 中数据的变化从而做出各种响应
/**
* 作者:leavesC
* 时间:2020/9/16 21:37
* 描述:
* GitHub:https://github.com/leavesC
*/
class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {
private val myViewModel by lazy {
ViewModelProvider(this).get(MyViewModel::class.java).apply {
nameLiveData.observe(this@MainActivity, {
})
}
}
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
}
}
class MyViewModel : ViewModel() {
val nameLiveData = MutableLiveData<String>()
override fun onCleared() {
super.onCleared()
Log.e("MyViewModel", "onCleared")
}
}
一、如何初始化?
在上面的例子中,我们并没有看到 ViewModel 是如何进行初始化的,也没有手动调用 ViewModel 的构造函数来创建 ViewModel 实例,这是因为这个操作都隐藏在了 ViewModelProvider 内部,由 ViewModelProvider 自己来通过反射构建
AppCompatActivity
的父类 androidx.activity.ComponentActivity
已经实现了ViewModelStoreOwner
接口,所以我们调用的构造函数会根据我们传入的 ViewModelStoreOwner 实例是否继承了 HasDefaultViewModelProviderFactory
接口来决定如何完成 mFactory
变量的初始化:
- 继承了。那么就就直接使用其返回的 Factory 实例
- 没有继承。 那么就使用 NewInstanceFactory
private final Factory mFactory;
private final ViewModelStore mViewModelStore;
public ViewModelProvider(@NonNull ViewModelStoreOwner owner) {
this(owner.getViewModelStore(), owner instanceof HasDefaultViewModelProviderFactory
? ((HasDefaultViewModelProviderFactory) owner).getDefaultViewModelProviderFactory()
: NewInstanceFactory.getInstance());
}
public ViewModelProvider(@NonNull ViewModelStoreOwner owner, @NonNull Factory factory) {
this(owner.getViewModelStore(), factory);
}
public ViewModelProvider(@NonNull ViewModelStore store, @NonNull Factory factory) {
mFactory = factory;
mViewModelStore = store;
}
Factory
是 ViewModelProvider 的内部接口,用于实现初始化 ViewModel 实例的逻辑。例如,NewInstanceFactory
就实现了通过反射来初始化构造函数无参数类型的 ViewModel 的逻辑
/**
* Implementations of {@code Factory} interface are responsible to instantiate ViewModels.
*/
public interface Factory {
/**
* Creates a new instance of the given {@code Class}.
* <p>
*
* @param modelClass a {@code Class} whose instance is requested
* @param <T> The type parameter for the ViewModel.
* @return a newly created ViewModel
*/
@NonNull
<T extends ViewModel> T create(@NonNull Class<T> modelClass);
}
public static class NewInstanceFactory implements Factory {
private static NewInstanceFactory sInstance;
/**
* Retrieve a singleton instance of NewInstanceFactory.
*
* @return A valid {@link NewInstanceFactory}
*/
@NonNull
static NewInstanceFactory getInstance() {
if (sInstance == null) {
sInstance = new NewInstanceFactory();
}
return sInstance;
}
@SuppressWarnings("ClassNewInstance")
@NonNull
@Override
public <T extends ViewModel> T create(@NonNull Class<T> modelClass) {
//noinspection TryWithIdenticalCatches
try {
//直接通过反射来完成 ViewModel 的初始化
//传入的 ViewModelClass 必须包含无参构造函数
return modelClass.newInstance();
} catch (InstantiationException e) {
throw new RuntimeException("Cannot create an instance of " + modelClass, e);
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
throw new RuntimeException("Cannot create an instance of " + modelClass, e);
}
}
}
由于 AppCompatActivity
的父类 androidx.activity.ComponentActivity
已经实现了 HasDefaultViewModelProviderFactory
接口,所以我们直接调用 ViewModelProvider 只包含一个参数的构造函数是行得通的
ComponentActivity
的 getDefaultViewModelProviderFactory()
方法返回的是 SavedStateViewModelFactory
,它和 Jetpack 的另外一个组件 SavedStateHandle
有关,在下一篇文章中会介绍,在这里 SavedStateViewModelFactory
起的作用就和 NewInstanceFactory
完全一样
private ViewModelProvider.Factory mDefaultFactory;
@NonNull
@Override
public ViewModelProvider.Factory getDefaultViewModelProviderFactory() {
if (getApplication() == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Your activity is not yet attached to the "
+ "Application instance. You can't request ViewModel before onCreate call.");
}
if (mDefaultFactory == null) {
mDefaultFactory = new SavedStateViewModelFactory(
getApplication(),
this,
getIntent() != null ? getIntent().getExtras() : null);
}
return mDefaultFactory;
}
既然 Factory 实例也有了,下一步就是来调用 get()
方法了。get()
方法需要我们传入 Class 对象,ViewModelProvider 需要拿到 Class 才能完成反射操作。在此方法里主要是通过 modelClass 来自动生成一个字符串 Key,并将参数转发给另外一个 get()
方法
@NonNull
@MainThread
public <T extends ViewModel> T get(@NonNull Class<T> modelClass) {
String canonicalName = modelClass.getCanonicalName();
if (canonicalName == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Local and anonymous classes can not be ViewModels");
}
return get(DEFAULT_KEY + ":" + canonicalName, modelClass);
}
可以看出来,以下方法会通过 key 从 ViewModelStore
里取 ViewModel 实例,如果取不到值或者是取出来的值类型不符,则会通过 mFactory.create(modelClass)
方法来反射初始化 ViewModel,并在返回初始化结果前将它存到 mViewModelStore
中,这样就完成了 ViewModel 的初始化流程了
private final ViewModelStore mViewModelStore;
@NonNull
@MainThread
public <T extends ViewModel> T get(@NonNull String key, @NonNull Class<T> modelClass) {
ViewModel viewModel = mViewModelStore.get(key);
if (modelClass.isInstance(viewModel)) {
if (mFactory instanceof OnRequeryFactory) {
((OnRequeryFactory) mFactory).onRequery(viewModel);
}
return (T) viewModel;
} else {
//noinspection StatementWithEmptyBody
if (viewModel != null) {
// TODO: log a warning.
}
}
if (mFactory instanceof KeyedFactory) {
viewModel = ((KeyedFactory) mFactory).create(key, modelClass);
} else {
viewModel = mFactory.create(modelClass);
}
mViewModelStore.put(key, viewModel);
return (T) viewModel;
}
二、如何保持不变?
既然 Activity 每次创建的 ViewModel 实例都会保存到 ViewModelStore 中,而 Activity 可以在屏幕旋转的情况下保持持有的 ViewModel 实例不变,那么不也就间接说明了在这种情况下 ViewModelStore 也是可以一直保存而不被销毁的了吗
所以,想要知道 ViewModel 是如何保持不变的,那就看 ViewModelStore 实例是如何被保存不被销毁就可以了
ViewModelStore 本身实现的逻辑挺简单的,通过一个 HashMap 来缓存每一个 ViewModel 实例,并提供了存取 ViewModel 的方法
public class ViewModelStore {
private final HashMap<String, ViewModel> mMap = new HashMap<>();
final void put(String key, ViewModel viewModel) {
ViewModel oldViewModel = mMap.put(key, viewModel);
if (oldViewModel != null) {
oldViewModel.onCleared();
}
}
final ViewModel get(String key) {
return mMap.get(key);
}
Set<String> keys() {
return new HashSet<>(mMap.keySet());
}
/**
* Clears internal storage and notifies ViewModels that they are no longer used.
*/
public final void clear() {
for (ViewModel vm : mMap.values()) {
vm.clear();
}
mMap.clear();
}
}
由于 AppCompatActivity
的父类 androidx.activity.ComponentActivity
已经实现了ViewModelStoreOwner
接口,所以也相当于每个 AppCompatActivity
也都持有了一个 ViewModelStore 实例
public interface ViewModelStoreOwner {
/**
* Returns owned {@link ViewModelStore}
*
* @return a {@code ViewModelStore}
*/
@NonNull
ViewModelStore getViewModelStore();
}
ComponentActivity
的 getViewModelStore()
方法获取 ViewModelStore 实例的来源有两种:
- 如果 NonConfigurationInstances 不为 null 则通过它获取。对应 Activity 由于配置更改导致重建的情况,此时就可以获取到上一个 Activity 保存的 ViewModelStore 实例
- 直接初始化 ViewModelStore 实例返回。对应 Activity 正常被启动的情况
这里只要看第一种情况即可
private ViewModelStore mViewModelStore;
@NonNull
@Override
public ViewModelStore getViewModelStore() {
if (getApplication() == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Your activity is not yet attached to the "
+ "Application instance. You can't request ViewModel before onCreate call.");
}
if (mViewModelStore == null) {
NonConfigurationInstances nc =
(NonConfigurationInstances) getLastNonConfigurationInstance();
if (nc != null) {
// Restore the ViewModelStore from NonConfigurationInstances
mViewModelStore = nc.viewModelStore;
}
if (mViewModelStore == null) {
mViewModelStore = new ViewModelStore();
}
}
return mViewModelStore;
}
NonConfigurationInstances 是 ComponentActivity 的一个静态内部类,其内部就包含了一个 ViewModelStore 成员变量,在 Activity 被重建时,其对应的 ViewModelStore 就被保存在了这里
static final class NonConfigurationInstances {
Object custom;
ViewModelStore viewModelStore;
}
通过查找引用,可以找到 ComponentActivity 就是在 onRetainNonConfigurationInstance()
方法里来完成 NonConfigurationInstances.viewModelStore
变量的赋值。从该方法名可以猜出,该方法就用于获取非配置项实例,以便在后续重建 Activity 时恢复数据
@Override
@Nullable
@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
public final Object onRetainNonConfigurationInstance() {
// Maintain backward compatibility.
Object custom = onRetainCustomNonConfigurationInstance();
ViewModelStore viewModelStore = mViewModelStore;
if (viewModelStore == null) {
//如果 Activity 在第一次被重建后还未调用过 getViewModelStore() 方法
//此时 mViewModelStore 就还是为 null
//之后又发生了第二次重建,那就主动调用 getLastNonConfigurationInstance() 来获取第一次重建时保存的 ViewModelStore 实例
// No one called getViewModelStore(), so see if there was an existing
// ViewModelStore from our last NonConfigurationInstance
NonConfigurationInstances nc =
(NonConfigurationInstances) getLastNonConfigurationInstance();
if (nc != null) {
viewModelStore = nc.viewModelStore;
}
}
if (viewModelStore == null && custom == null) {
return null;
}
NonConfigurationInstances nci = new NonConfigurationInstances();
nci.custom = custom;
//将 viewModelStore 打包带走
nci.viewModelStore = viewModelStore;
return nci;
}
通过查找方法引用,可以知道 onRetainNonConfigurationInstance()
又是被父类 android.app.Activity
的以下方法所调用的
NonConfigurationInstances retainNonConfigurationInstances() {
//拿到子类需要保存的数据
Object activity = onRetainNonConfigurationInstance();
HashMap<String, Object> children = onRetainNonConfigurationChildInstances();
FragmentManagerNonConfig fragments = mFragments.retainNestedNonConfig();
// We're already stopped but we've been asked to retain.
// Our fragments are taken care of but we need to mark the loaders for retention.
// In order to do this correctly we need to restart the loaders first before
// handing them off to the next activity.
mFragments.doLoaderStart();
mFragments.doLoaderStop(true);
ArrayMap<String, LoaderManager> loaders = mFragments.retainLoaderNonConfig();
if (activity == null && children == null && fragments == null && loaders == null
&& mVoiceInteractor == null) {
return null;
}
NonConfigurationInstances nci = new NonConfigurationInstances();
//保存起来
nci.activity = activity;
nci.children = children;
nci.fragments = fragments;
nci.loaders = loaders;
if (mVoiceInteractor != null) {
mVoiceInteractor.retainInstance();
nci.voiceInteractor = mVoiceInteractor;
}
return nci;
}
从以上流程可以看出 Activity 的一些设计理念。由于
android.app.Activity
的逻辑是和特定的系统版本 SDK 关联的,我们无法决定用户手中的手机系统版本。而我们日常开发中都是选择直接继承于androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
,它又是作为一个依赖库来存在的,开发者可以自行决定要使用哪个版本号。所以,android.app.Activity
就将非配置项实例数据均当做一个 Object 实例,由子类通过实现onRetainNonConfigurationInstance()
方法来返回,父类 Activity 不限制方法返回值需要特定类型,不同的子类可以返回不同的类型,父类只负责在需要的时候将实例保存起来,然后在重建时返回给子类即可,由子类自己来进行数据的拆解和重建。这样,不管用户使用的手机是哪个系统版本,都可以保证在更新依赖库时有最大的发挥余地
再来看下 retainNonConfigurationInstances()
方法是在哪里调用的
通过搜索,可以找到在 ActivityThread
类的以下方法存在调用,该方法用于回调 Activity 的 onDestroy
方法,在回调前会先将数据保存到 ActivityClientRecord
的 lastNonConfigurationInstances
字段中
/** Core implementation of activity destroy call. */
ActivityClientRecord performDestroyActivity(IBinder token, boolean finishing,
int configChanges, boolean getNonConfigInstance, String reason) {
ActivityClientRecord r = mActivities.get(token);
···
if (getNonConfigInstance) {
try {
//保存 Activity 返回的 NonConfigurationInstances
r.lastNonConfigurationInstances
= r.activity.retainNonConfigurationInstances();
} catch (Exception e) {
if (!mInstrumentation.onException(r.activity, e)) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to retain activity "
+ r.intent.getComponent().toShortString()
+ ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
}
}
···
//调用 Activity 的 onDestroy 方法
mInstrumentation.callActivityOnDestroy(r.activity);
···
return r;
}
在重新启动 Activity 时,又会将数据 attach 到新的 Activity 实例上,将其作为 getLastNonConfigurationInstance()
方法的返回值,从而完成了数据的交接
/** Core implementation of activity launch. */
private Activity performLaunchActivity(ActivityClientRecord r, Intent customIntent) {
···
Activity activity = null;
try {
java.lang.ClassLoader cl = appContext.getClassLoader();
activity = mInstrumentation.newActivity(
cl, component.getClassName(), r.intent);
StrictMode.incrementExpectedActivityCount(activity.getClass());
r.intent.setExtrasClassLoader(cl);
r.intent.prepareToEnterProcess();
if (r.state != null) {
r.state.setClassLoader(cl);
}
} catch (Exception e) {
if (!mInstrumentation.onException(activity, e)) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to instantiate activity " + component
+ ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
}
···
//将 r.lastNonConfigurationInstances 传递进去
activity.attach(appContext, this, getInstrumentation(), r.token,
r.ident, app, r.intent, r.activityInfo, title, r.parent,
r.embeddedID, r.lastNonConfigurationInstances, config,
r.referrer, r.voiceInteractor, window, r.configCallback,
r.assistToken);
···
return activity;
}
三、在什么时候被回收?
要知道 ViewModel 是在何时回收的,那么就只要看 ViewModelStore 是在什么时候清空 HashMap 就可以了
通过查找方法引用,可以发现是在 ComponentActivity 中调用了 ViewModelStore 的 clear()
方法。Activity 在收到 ON_DESTROY
事件时,如果判断到是由于配置项更改导致了 Activity 被销毁,那么就不会调用 getViewModelStore().clear()
。如果是正常退出 Activity 的话,就会导致 getViewModelStore().clear()
方法被调用,这样就可以清空掉所有缓存的 ViewModel 实例了
public ComponentActivity() {
···
getLifecycle().addObserver(new LifecycleEventObserver() {
@Override
public void onStateChanged(@NonNull LifecycleOwner source,
@NonNull Lifecycle.Event event) {
if (event == Lifecycle.Event.ON_DESTROY) {
// Clear out the available context
mContextAwareHelper.clearAvailableContext();
// And clear the ViewModelStore
if (!isChangingConfigurations()) {
getViewModelStore().clear();
}
}
}
});
···
}
public class ViewModelStore {
private final HashMap<String, ViewModel> mMap = new HashMap<>();
···
/**
* Clears internal storage and notifies ViewModels that they are no longer used.
*/
public final void clear() {
for (ViewModel vm : mMap.values()) {
vm.clear();
}
mMap.clear();
}
}
四、构造函数该如何调用?
ViewModelProvider 提供的 Factory 接口实现类有两个:
- NewInstanceFactory。用于通过反射初始化包含无参构造函数的 ViewModel
- AndroidViewModelFactory。用于通过反射初始化包含参数仅有一个且为 Application 类型的构造函数的 ViewModel
如果想要通过其它类型的构造函数来初始化 ViewModel 的话,就需要我们自己来实现 ViewModelProvider.Factory
接口完成初始化逻辑了
/**
* 作者:CZY
* 时间:2020/9/17 14:07
* 描述:
* GitHub:https://github.com/leavesC
*/
class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {
private val myViewModelA by lazy {
ViewModelProvider(this, object : ViewModelProvider.Factory {
override fun <T : ViewModel> create(modelClass: Class<T>): T {
return MyViewModel(10) as T
}
}).get(
MyViewModel::class.java
).apply {
nameLiveData.observe(this@MainActivity, {
})
}
}
private val myViewModelB by lazy {
ViewModelProvider(this, object : ViewModelProvider.Factory {
override fun <T : ViewModel> create(modelClass: Class<T>): T {
return MyViewModel(20) as T
}
}).get(
MyViewModel::class.java
).apply {
nameLiveData.observe(this@MainActivity, {
})
}
}
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
Log.e("myViewModelA", myViewModelA.toString() + " age: " + myViewModelA.age)
Log.e("myViewModelB", myViewModelB.toString() + " age: " + myViewModelB.age)
}
}
class MyViewModel(val age: Int) : ViewModel() {
val nameLiveData = MutableLiveData<String>()
}
需要注意的是,虽然 myViewModelA 和 myViewModelB 都有各自不同的入参参数,但从日志输出结果来看它们其实都对应同一个内存地址,即最先初始化的那个 ViewModel 实例会被缓存下来重复使用
E/myViewModelA: github.leavesc.demo.MyViewModel@e24ac80 age: 10
E/myViewModelB: github.leavesc.demo.MyViewModel@e24ac80 age: 10
之所以会出现以上情况,是因为在初始化 myViewModelA 和 myViewModelB 的时候它们默认对应的都是同个 Key,所以在初始化 myViewModelB 的时候就直接把之前已经初始化好的 myViewModelA 给返回了
@NonNull
@MainThread
public <T extends ViewModel> T get(@NonNull String key, @NonNull Class<T> modelClass) {
ViewModel viewModel = mViewModelStore.get(key);
if (modelClass.isInstance(viewModel)) {
if (mFactory instanceof OnRequeryFactory) {
((OnRequeryFactory) mFactory).onRequery(viewModel);
}
//如果 mViewModelStore 里已经缓存了同个 key,且 value 也对应相同的 Class 类型,那么就直接返回 value
return (T) viewModel;
} else {
//noinspection StatementWithEmptyBody
if (viewModel != null) {
// TODO: log a warning.
}
}
if (mFactory instanceof KeyedFactory) {
viewModel = ((KeyedFactory) mFactory).create(key, modelClass);
} else {
viewModel = mFactory.create(modelClass);
}
mViewModelStore.put(key, viewModel);
return (T) viewModel;
}
如果希望 myViewModelA 和 myViewModelB 对应不同的实例对象,那么就需要在初始化的时候主动为它们指定不同的 Key,这样它们就可以一起被存到 ViewModelStore 的 HashMap 中
private val myViewModelA by lazy {
ViewModelProvider(this, object : ViewModelProvider.Factory {
override fun <T : ViewModel> create(modelClass: Class<T>): T {
return MyViewModel(10) as T
}
}).get(
"keyA", MyViewModel::class.java
).apply {
nameLiveData.observe(this@MainActivity, {
})
}
}
private val myViewModelB by lazy {
ViewModelProvider(this, object : ViewModelProvider.Factory {
override fun <T : ViewModel> create(modelClass: Class<T>): T {
return MyViewModel(20) as T
}
}).get(
"keyB", MyViewModel::class.java
).apply {
nameLiveData.observe(this@MainActivity, {
})
}
}
E/myViewModelA: github.leavesc.demo.MyViewModel@e24ac80 age: 10
E/myViewModelB: github.leavesc.demo.MyViewModel@9abd6fe age: 20
五、初始化陷阱
看以下代码,观察当应用启动时日志的输出结果
/**
* 作者:CZY
* 时间:2020/9/17 14:07
* 描述:
* GitHub:https://github.com/leavesC
*/
class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {
private val aViewModel by lazy {
ViewModelProvider(this).get(
"myKey", AViewModel::class.java
)
}
private val bViewModel by lazy {
ViewModelProvider(this).get(
"myKey", BViewMode::class.java
)
}
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
Log.e("aViewModel", aViewModel.toString())
Log.e("bViewModel", bViewModel.toString())
Log.e("MainActivity", "onCreate")
}
}
class AViewModel() : ViewModel() {
override fun onCleared() {
super.onCleared()
Log.e("AViewModel", "onCleared")
}
}
class BViewMode : ViewModel() {
override fun onCleared() {
super.onCleared()
Log.e("BViewMode", "onCleared")
}
}
日志的输出会比较反直觉:AViewModel 在刚被初始化不久就被回收了,而此时 MainActivity 才刚执行到 onCreate 函数
E/aViewModel: github.leavesc.demo.AViewModel@3c93503
E/AViewModel: onCleared
E/bViewModel: github.leavesc.demo.BViewMode@e24ac80
E/MainActivity: onCreate
造成这一结果的原因是因为 aViewModel 和 bViewModel 都使用了同个 key,这导致在将 ViewModel 存到 HashMap 的时候就会覆盖并回收掉旧值
public class ViewModelStore {
private final HashMap<String, ViewModel> mMap = new HashMap<>();
final void put(String key, ViewModel viewModel) {
ViewModel oldViewModel = mMap.put(key, viewModel);
if (oldViewModel != null) {
//存在旧值的话就将其回收
oldViewModel.onCleared();
}
}
}
所以,对于不同类型的 ViewModel 实例,在初始化的时候不能指定相同的 Key