手记

深入分析JavaWeb Item6 — servletConfig 与servletContext详

一、ServletConfig讲解

首先看ServletConfig API文档

1.1、配置Servlet初始化参数

在Servlet的配置文件web.xml中,可以使用一个或多个<init-param>标签为servlet配置一些初始化参数。

例如:

<servlet>

<servlet-name>ServletConfigDemo1</servlet-name>

<servlet-class>gacl.servlet.study.ServletConfigDemo1</servlet-class>

<!--配置ServletConfigDemo1的初始化参数 -->

<init-param>

<param-name>name</param-name>

<param-value>gacl</param-value>

</init-param>

<init-param>

<param-name>password</param-name>

<param-value>123</param-value>

</init-param>

<init-param>

<param-name>charset</param-name>

<param-value>UTF-8</param-value>

</init-param>

</servlet>

1.2、通过ServletConfig获取Servlet的初始化参数

当servlet配置了初始化参数后,web容器在创建servlet实例对象时,会自动将这些初始化参数封装到ServletConfig对象中,并在调用servlet的init方法时,将ServletConfig对象传递给servlet。进而,我们通过ServletConfig对象就可以得到当前servlet的初始化参数信息。

例如:

package gacl.servlet.study;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.util.Enumeration;

import javax.servlet.ServletConfig;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

public class ServletConfigDemo1 extends HttpServlet {

/**

 * 定义ServletConfig对象来接收配置的初始化参数

 */

private ServletConfig config;

/**

 * 当servlet配置了初始化参数后,web容器在创建servlet实例对象时,

 * 会自动将这些初始化参数封装到ServletConfig对象中,并在调用servlet的init方法时,

 * 将ServletConfig对象传递给servlet。进而,程序员通过ServletConfig对象就可以

 * 得到当前servlet的初始化参数信息。

 */

@Override

public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException {

    this.config = config;

}

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

        throws ServletException, IOException {

    //获取在web.xml中配置的初始化参数

    String paramVal = this.config.getInitParameter("name");//获取指定的初始化参数

    response.getWriter().print(paramVal);

    response.getWriter().print("&lt;hr/&gt;");

    //获取所有的初始化参数

    Enumeration&lt;String&gt; e = config.getInitParameterNames();

    while(e.hasMoreElements()){

        String name = e.nextElement();

        String value = config.getInitParameter(name);

        response.getWriter().print(name + "=" + value + "");

    }

}

public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

        throws ServletException, IOException {

    this.doGet(request, response);

}

}

运行结果如下:

深入分析JavaWeb Item6 — servletConfig 与servletContext详

二、ServletContext对象

WEB容器在启动时,它会为每个WEB应用程序都创建一个对应的ServletContext对象,它代表当前web应用。

ServletConfig对象中维护了ServletContext对象的引用,开发人员在编写servlet时,可以通过ServletConfig.getServletContext方法获得ServletContext对象,但是还有更简洁的this.getServletContext()方法;

<font color=”red”>由于一个WEB应用中的所有Servlet共享同一个ServletContext对象,因此Servlet对象之间可以通过ServletContext对象来实现通讯。ServletContext对象通常也被称之为context域对象:1,是一个容器 2。作用范围是应用程序范围。

三、ServletContext的应用

3.1、多个Servlet通过ServletContext对象实现数据共享

范例:ServletContextDemo1和ServletContextDemo2通过ServletContext对象实现数据共享

package gacl.servlet.study;

import java.io.IOException;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

public class ServletContextDemo1 extends HttpServlet {

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

        throws ServletException, IOException {

    String data = "xdp_gacl";

    /**

     * ServletConfig对象中维护了ServletContext对象的引用,开发人员在编写servlet时,

     * 可以通过ServletConfig.getServletContext方法获得ServletContext对象。

     */

    ServletContext context = this.getServletConfig().getServletContext();//获得ServletContext对象

    context.setAttribute("data", data);  //将data存储到ServletContext对象中

}

public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

        throws ServletException, IOException {

    doGet(request, response);

}

}

package gacl.servlet.study;

import java.io.IOException;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

public class ServletContextDemo2 extends HttpServlet {

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

        throws ServletException, IOException {

    ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();

    String data = (String) context.getAttribute("data");//从ServletContext对象中取出数据

    response.getWriter().print("data="+data);

}

public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

        throws ServletException, IOException {

    doGet(request, response);

}

}

先运行ServletContextDemo1,将数据data存储到ServletContext对象中,然后运行ServletContextDemo2就可以从ServletContext对象中取出数据了,这样就实现了数据共享,如下图所示:

深入分析JavaWeb Item6 — servletConfig 与servletContext详

3.2、获取WEB应用的初始化参数

如果想在所有的Servlet应用中都要配置并读取初始化参数,则可以在web.xml文件的<web-app>中使用<context-param>标签配置WEB应用的初始化参数,如下所示:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<web-app version="3.0" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee

http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd">;

&lt;display-name&gt;&lt;/display-name&gt;

&lt;!-- 配置WEB应用的初始化参数 --&gt;

&lt;context-param&gt;

    &lt;param-name&gt;url&lt;/param-name&gt;

    &lt;param-value&gt;jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test&lt;/param-value&gt;

&lt;/context-param&gt;

&lt;welcome-file-list&gt;

    &lt;welcome-file&gt;index.jsp&lt;/welcome-file&gt;

&lt;/welcome-file-list&gt;

</web-app>

获取Web应用的初始化参数,代码如下:

package gacl.servlet.study;

import java.io.IOException;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

public class ServletContextDemo3 extends HttpServlet {

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

        throws ServletException, IOException {

    ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();

    //获取整个web站点的初始化参数

    String contextInitParam = context.getInitParameter("url");

    response.getWriter().print(contextInitParam);

}

public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

        throws ServletException, IOException {

    doGet(request, response);

}

}

运行结果:

深入分析JavaWeb Item6 — servletConfig 与servletContext详

3.3、用servletContext实现请求转发

实现Servlet的转发。

ServletContextDemo4

package gacl.servlet.study;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.io.PrintWriter;

import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

public class ServletContextDemo4 extends HttpServlet {

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

        throws ServletException, IOException {

    String data = "&lt;h1&gt;&lt;font color='red'&gt;abcdefghjkl&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;";

    response.getOutputStream().write(data.getBytes());

    ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();//获取ServletContext对象

    RequestDispatcher rd = context.getRequestDispatcher("/servlet/ServletContextDemo5");//获取请求转发对象(RequestDispatcher)

    rd.forward(request, response);//调用forward方法实现请求转发

}

public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

        throws ServletException, IOException {

}

}

ServletContextDemo5

package gacl.servlet.study;

import java.io.IOException;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

public class ServletContextDemo5 extends HttpServlet {

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

        throws ServletException, IOException {

    response.getOutputStream().write("servletDemo5".getBytes());

}

public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

        throws ServletException, IOException {

    this.doGet(request, response);

}

}

运行结果:

访问的是ServletContextDemo4,浏览器显示的却是ServletContextDemo5的内容,这就是使用ServletContext实现了请求转发

3.4、利用ServletContext对象读取资源文件

利用ServletContext对象读取资源文件,因为文件的位置不同,所有读取的方式也不同,一般来说分为两种情况:

在Servlet的context域中读取文件,工程目录下的src目录发布到服务器中,会映射到“/WEB-INF/classes”文件夹下。所以要一一对应。而且这个是相对目录,相对于web服务器的目录。如果要用传统的文件读取文件,则要使用绝对路劲

PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();

String path = context.getRealPath("/WEB-INF/classes/itcast.properties");

InputStream in = new FileInputStream(path);

Properties pro = new Properties();

pro.load(in);

如果是非servlet中读取配置文件,则要使用类加载器去读取。稍后讲到

项目目录结构如下:

深入分析JavaWeb Item6 — servletConfig 与servletContext详

代码范例:使用servletContext读取资源文件

package gacl.servlet.study;

import java.io.FileInputStream;

import java.io.FileNotFoundException;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.io.InputStream;

import java.text.MessageFormat;

import java.util.Properties;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

/**

使用servletContext读取资源文件

@author gacl

*/

public class ServletContextDemo6 extends HttpServlet {

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException { 

/**

response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");目的是控制浏览器用UTF-8进行解码;

这样就不会出现中文乱码了

*/

response.setHeader("content-type","text/html;charset=UTF-8");

readSrcDirPropCfgFile(response);//读取src目录下的properties配置文件

response.getWriter().println("<hr/>");

readWebRootDirPropCfgFile(response);//读取WebRoot目录下的properties配置文件

response.getWriter().println("<hr/>");

readPropCfgFile(response);//读取src目录下的db.config包中的db3.properties配置文件

response.getWriter().println("<hr/>");

readPropCfgFile2(response);//读取src目录下的gacl.servlet.study包中的db4.properties配置文件

}

/**

读取src目录下的gacl.servlet.study包中的db4.properties配置文件

@param response

@throws IOException

*/

private void readPropCfgFile2(HttpServletResponse response)

throws IOException {

InputStream in = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/gacl/servlet/study/db4.properties");

Properties prop = new Properties();

prop.load(in);

String driver = prop.getProperty("driver");

String url = prop.getProperty("url");

String username = prop.getProperty("username");

String password = prop.getProperty("password");

response.getWriter().println("读取src目录下的gacl.servlet.study包中的db4.properties配置文件:");

response.getWriter().println(

MessageFormat.format(

"driver={0},url={1},username={2},password={3}", 

driver,url, username, password));

}

/**

读取src目录下的db.config包中的db3.properties配置文件

@param response

@throws FileNotFoundException

@throws IOException

*/

private void readPropCfgFile(HttpServletResponse response)

throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {

//通过ServletContext获取web资源的绝对路径

String path = this.getServletContext().getRealPath("/WEB-INF/classes/db/config/db3.properties");

InputStream in = new FileInputStream(path);

Properties prop = new Properties();

prop.load(in);

String driver = prop.getProperty("driver");

String url = prop.getProperty("url");

String username = prop.getProperty("username");

String password = prop.getProperty("password");

response.getWriter().println("读取src目录下的db.config包中的db3.properties配置文件:");

response.getWriter().println(

MessageFormat.format(

"driver={0},url={1},username={2},password={3}", 

driver,url, username, password));

}

/**

通过ServletContext对象读取WebRoot目录下的properties配置文件

@param response

@throws IOException

*/

private void readWebRootDirPropCfgFile(HttpServletResponse response)

throws IOException {

/**

通过ServletContext对象读取WebRoot目录下的properties配置文件

“/”代表的是项目根目录

*/

InputStream in = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/db2.properties");

Properties prop = new Properties();

prop.load(in);

String driver = prop.getProperty("driver");

String url = prop.getProperty("url");

String username = prop.getProperty("username");

String password = prop.getProperty("password");

response.getWriter().println("读取WebRoot目录下的db2.properties配置文件:");

response.getWriter().print(

MessageFormat.format(

"driver={0},url={1},username={2},password={3}", 

driver,url, username, password));

}

/**

通过ServletContext对象读取src目录下的properties配置文件

@param response

@throws IOException

*/

private void readSrcDirPropCfgFile(HttpServletResponse response) throws IOException {

/**

通过ServletContext对象读取src目录下的db1.properties配置文件

*/

InputStream in = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/db1.properties");

Properties prop = new Properties();

prop.load(in);

String driver = prop.getProperty("driver");

String url = prop.getProperty("url");

String username = prop.getProperty("username");

String password = prop.getProperty("password");

response.getWriter().println("读取src目录下的db1.properties配置文件:");

response.getWriter().println(

MessageFormat.format(

"driver={0},url={1},username={2},password={3}", 

driver,url, username, password));

}

public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException {

this.doGet(request, response);

}

}

运行结果如下:

深入分析JavaWeb Item6 — servletConfig 与servletContext详

使用类装载器读取资源文件

我们在非servlet中读取资源文件时(比如在数据库的dao层读取配置文件),采用类装载器 classLoader,你可以先采用servlet服务先读取,然后在把servlet传递给dao,这样虽然可以实现,但是,这样损坏了我们编代码的设计原则,就是层之间不能有交织在一起的东西。

package gacl.servlet.study;

import java.io.FileOutputStream;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.io.InputStream;

import java.io.OutputStream;

import java.text.MessageFormat;

import java.util.Properties;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

/**

用类装载器读取资源文件

通过类装载器读取资源文件的注意事项:不适合装载大文件,否则会导致jvm内存溢出

@author gacl

*/

public class ServletContextDemo7 extends HttpServlet {

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException {

/**

response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");目的是控制浏览器用UTF-8进行解码;

这样就不会出现中文乱码了

*/

response.setHeader("content-type","text/html;charset=UTF-8");

test1(response);

response.getWriter().println("<hr/>");

test2(response);

response.getWriter().println("<hr/>");

//test3();

test4();

}

/**

读取类路径下的资源文件

@param response

@throws IOException

*/

private void test1(HttpServletResponse response) throws IOException {

//获取到装载当前类的类装载器

ClassLoader loader = ServletContextDemo7.class.getClassLoader();

//用类装载器读取src目录下的db1.properties配置文件

InputStream in = loader.getResourceAsStream("db1.properties");

Properties prop = new Properties();

prop.load(in);

String driver = prop.getProperty("driver");

String url = prop.getProperty("url");

String username = prop.getProperty("username");

String password = prop.getProperty("password");

response.getWriter().println("用类装载器读取src目录下的db1.properties配置文件:");

response.getWriter().println(

MessageFormat.format(

"driver={0},url={1},username={2},password={3}", 

driver,url, username, password));

}

/**

读取类路径下面、包下面的资源文件

@param response

@throws IOException

*/

private void test2(HttpServletResponse response) throws IOException {

//获取到装载当前类的类装载器

ClassLoader loader = ServletContextDemo7.class.getClassLoader();

//用类装载器读取src目录下的gacl.servlet.study包中的db4.properties配置文件

InputStream in = loader.getResourceAsStream("gacl/servlet/study/db4.properties");

Properties prop = new Properties();

prop.load(in);

String driver = prop.getProperty("driver");

String url = prop.getProperty("url");

String username = prop.getProperty("username");

String password = prop.getProperty("password");

response.getWriter().println("用类装载器读取src目录下的gacl.servlet.study包中的db4.properties配置文件:");

response.getWriter().println(

MessageFormat.format(

"driver={0},url={1},username={2},password={3}", 

driver,url, username, password));

}

/**

通过类装载器读取资源文件的注意事项:不适合装载大文件,否则会导致jvm内存溢出

*/

public void test3() {

/**

01.avi是一个150多M的文件,使用类加载器去读取这个大文件时会导致内存溢出:

java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space

*/

InputStream in = ServletContextDemo7.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("01.avi");

System.out.println(in);

}

/**

读取01.avi,并拷贝到e:\根目录下

01.avi文件太大,只能用servletContext去读取

@throws IOException

*/

public void test4() throws IOException {

// path=G:\Java学习视频\JavaWeb学习视频\JavaWeb\day05视频\01.avi

// path=01.avi

String path = this.getServletContext().getRealPath("/WEB-INF/classes/01.avi");

/**

path.lastIndexOf("\") + 1是一个非常绝妙的写法

*/

String filename = path.substring(path.lastIndexOf("\") + 1);//获取文件名

InputStream in = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/01.avi");

byte buffer[] = new byte[1024];

int len = 0;

OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream("e:\" + filename);

while ((len = in.read(buffer)) > 0) {

out.write(buffer, 0, len);

}

out.close();

in.close();

}

public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException {

this.doGet(request, response);

}

}

运行结果如下:

深入分析JavaWeb Item6 — servletConfig 与servletContext详

使用类装载器读取资源文件,存在的问题是;类装载器,每次只会装载一次。

//如果读取资源文件的程序不是servlet的话,

//就只能通过类转载器去读了,文件不能太大

//用传递参数方法不好,耦合性高

public class UserDao {

private static Properties dbconfig=new Properties();

static {

    InputStream in=UserDao.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("db.properties");

    try {

        dbconfig.load(in);

    } catch (IOException e) {

        throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(e);

    }    

    //上面代码类装载器只装载一次,下面代码用类装载方式得到文件位置

    URL url=UserDao.class.getClassLoader().getResource("db.properties");

    String str=url.getPath();

    //file:/C:/apache-tomcat-7.0.22/webapps/day05/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties

    try {

        InputStream in2=new FileInputStream(str);

        try {

            dbconfig.load(in2);

        } catch (IOException e) {

            throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(e);

        }

    } catch (FileNotFoundException e1) {

        throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(e1);

    }        

}

public void update() {

    System.out.println(dbconfig.get("url"));

}

}

四、在客户端缓存Servlet的输出

对于不经常变化的数据,在servlet中可以为其设置合理的缓存时间值,以避免浏览器频繁向服务器发送请求,提升服务器的性能。例如:

package gacl.servlet.study;

import java.io.IOException;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

public class ServletDemo5 extends HttpServlet {

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

        throws ServletException, IOException {

    String data = "abcddfwerwesfasfsadf";

    /**

     * 设置数据合理的缓存时间值,以避免浏览器频繁向服务器发送请求,提升服务器的性能

     * 这里是将数据的缓存时间设置为1天

     */

    response.setDateHeader("expires",System.currentTimeMillis() + 24 * 3600 * 1000);

    response.getOutputStream().write(data.getBytes());

}

public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

        throws ServletException, IOException {

    this.doGet(request, response);

}

}

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