一、思路分析:
在之前写拉勾网的爬虫的时候,总是得到下面这个结果(真是头疼),当你看到下面这个结果的时候,也就意味着被反爬了,因为一些网站会有相应的反爬虫措施,例如很多网站会检测某一段时间某个IP的访问次数,如果访问频率太快以至于看起来不像正常访客,它可能就会禁止这个IP的访问:
对于拉勾网,我们要找到职位信息的ajax接口倒是不难(如下图),问题是怎么不得到上面的结果。
要想我们的爬虫不被检测出来,我们可以使用代理IP,而网上有很多提供免费代理的网站,比如西刺代理、快代理、89免费代理等等,我们可以爬取一些免费的代理然后搭建我们的代理池,使用的时候直接从里面进行调用就好了。然后通过观察可以发现,拉勾网最多显示30页职位信息,一页显示15条,也就是说最多显示450条职位信息。在ajax接口返回的结果中可以看到有一个totalCount字段,而这个字段表示的就是查询结果的数量,获取到这个值之后就能知道总共有多少页职位信息了。对于爬取下来的结果,保存在MongoDB数据库中。
二、主要代码:
proxies.py(爬取免费代理并验证其可用性,然后生成代理池)
1 import requests 2 import re 3 4 5 class Proxies: 6 def __init__(self): 7 self.proxy_list = [] 8 self.headers = { 9 "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) "10 "Chrome/45.0.2454.101 Safari/537.36",11 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, sdch',12 }13 14 # 爬取西刺代理的国内高匿代理15 def get_proxy_nn(self):16 proxy_list = []17 res = requests.get("http://www.xicidaili.com/nn", headers=self.headers)18 ip_list = re.findall('<td>(\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+)</td>', res.text)19 port_list = re.findall('<td>(\d+)</td>', res.text)20 for ip, port in zip(ip_list, port_list):21 proxy_list.append(ip + ":" + port)22 return proxy_list23 24 # 验证代理是否能用25 def verify_proxy(self, proxy_list):26 for proxy in proxy_list:27 proxies = {28 "http": proxy29 }30 try:31 if requests.get('http://www.baidu.com', proxies=proxies, timeout=2).status_code == 200:32 print('success %s' % proxy)33 if proxy not in self.proxy_list:34 self.proxy_list.append(proxy)35 except:36 print('fail %s' % proxy)37 38 # 保存到proxies.txt里39 def save_proxy(self):40 # 验证代理池中的IP是否可用41 print("开始清洗代理池...")42 with open("proxies.txt", 'r', encoding="utf-8") as f:43 txt = f.read()44 # 判断代理池是否为空45 if txt != '':46 self.verify_proxy(txt.strip().split('\n'))47 else:48 print("代理池为空!\n")49 print("开始存入代理池...")50 # 把可用的代理添加到代理池中51 with open("proxies.txt", 'w', encoding="utf-8") as f:52 for proxy in self.proxy_list:53 f.write(proxy + "\n")54 55 56 if __name__ == '__main__':57 p = Proxies()58 results = p.get_proxy_nn()59 print("爬取到的代理数量", len(results))60 print("开始验证:")61 p.verify_proxy(results)62 print("验证完毕:")63 print("可用代理数量:", len(p.proxy_list))64 p.save_proxy()
在middlewares.py中添加如下代码:
1 class LaGouProxyMiddleWare(object): 2 def process_request(self, request, spider): 3 import random 4 import requests 5 with open("具体路径\proxies.txt", 'r', encoding="utf-8") as f: 6 txt = f.read() 7 proxy = "" 8 flag = 0 9 for i in range(10):10 proxy = random.choice(txt.split('\n'))11 proxies = {12 "http": proxy13 }14 if requests.get('http://www.baidu.com', proxies=proxies, timeout=2).status_code == 200:15 flag = 116 break17 if proxy != "" and flag:18 print("Request proxy is {}".format(proxy))19 request.meta["proxy"] = "http://" + proxy20 else:21 print("没有可用的IP!")
然后还要在settings.py中添加如下代码,这样就能使用代理IP了:
1 SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {2 'LaGou.middlewares.LaGouProxyMiddleWare': 543,3 }
在item.py中添加如下代码:
1 import scrapy 2 3 4 class LaGouItem(scrapy.Item): 5 city = scrapy.Field() # 城市 6 salary = scrapy.Field() # 薪水 7 position = scrapy.Field() # 职位 8 education = scrapy.Field() # 学历要求 9 company_name = scrapy.Field() # 公司名称10 company_size = scrapy.Field() # 公司规模11 finance_stage = scrapy.Field() # 融资阶段
在pipeline.py中添加如下代码:
1 import pymongo 2 3 4 class LaGouPipeline(object): 5 def __init__(self): 6 conn = pymongo.MongoClient(host="127.0.0.1", port=27017) 7 self.col = conn['Spider'].LaGou 8 9 def process_item(self, item, spider):10 self.col.insert(dict(item))11 return item
在spiders文件夹下新建一个spider.py,代码如下:
1 import json 2 import scrapy 3 import codecs 4 import requests 5 from time import sleep 6 from LaGou.items import LaGouItem 7 8 9 class LaGouSpider(scrapy.Spider):10 name = "LaGouSpider"11 12 def start_requests(self):13 # city = input("请输入城市:")14 # position = input("请输入职位方向:")15 city = "上海"16 position = "python"17 url = "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/positionAjax.json?px=default&needAddtionalResult=false&city={}".format(city)18 headers = {19 "Referer": "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/list_{}?city={}&cl=false&fromSearch=true&labelWords=&suginput=".format(codecs.encode(position, 'utf-8'), codecs.encode(city, 'utf-8')),20 "Cookie": "_ga=GA1.2.2138387296.1533785827; user_trace_token=20180809113708-7e257026-9b85-11e8-b9bb-525400f775ce; LGUID=20180809113708-7e25732e-9b85-11e8-b9bb-525400f775ce; index_location_city=%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89; LGSID=20180818204040-ea6a6ba4-a2e3-11e8-a9f6-5254005c3644; JSESSIONID=ABAAABAAAGFABEFFF09D504261EB56E3CCC780FB4358A5E; Hm_lvt_4233e74dff0ae5bd0a3d81c6ccf756e6=1534294825,1534596041,1534596389,1534597802; TG-TRACK-CODE=search_code; Hm_lpvt_4233e74dff0ae5bd0a3d81c6ccf756e6=1534599373; LGRID=20180818213613-acc3ccc9-a2eb-11e8-9251-525400f775ce; SEARCH_ID=f20ec0fa318244f7bcc0dd981f43d5fe",21 "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/53.0.2785.89 Safari/537.36"22 }23 data = {24 "first": "true",25 "pn": 1,26 "kd": position27 }28 res = requests.post(url, headers=headers, data=data)29 # 获取相关职位结果数目30 count = res.json()['content']['positionResult']['totalCount']31 # 由于最多显示30页,也就是最多显示450条职位信息32 page_count = count // 15 + 1 if count <= 450 else 3033 for i in range(page_count):34 sleep(5)35 yield scrapy.FormRequest(36 url=url,37 formdata={38 "first": "true",39 "pn": str(i + 1),40 "kd": position41 },42 callback=self.parse43 )44 45 def parse(self, response):46 try:47 # 解码并转成json格式48 js = json.loads(response.body.decode('utf-8'))49 result = js['content']['positionResult']['result']50 item = LaGouItem()51 for i in result:52 item['city'] = i['city']53 item['salary'] = i['salary']54 item['position'] = i['positionName']55 item['education'] = i['education']56 item['company_name'] = i['companyFullName']57 item['company_size'] = i['companySize']58 item['finance_stage'] = i['financeStage']59 yield item60 except:61 print(response.body)
三、运行结果:
由于使用的是免费代理,短时间内就失效了,所以会碰上爬取不到数据的情况,所以推荐使用付费代理。
完整代码已上传到GitHub:https://github.com/QAQ112233/LaGou
原文作者:TM0831
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/TM0831/p/9959900.html