标题图
Java当中的泛型
01
import java.util.ArrayList;import java.util.List;public class Demo{ public static void main(String[] args){ // 创建list集合 List list = new ArrayList(); // 特性为长度可变,可以存储对象(对象可以是任意的) list.add("abcdefg"); // 为对象 list.add(1); // 为对象 // 循环取出对象 for(Iterator it = list.iterator(); it.hasNext(); ){ Object object = (Object) it.next(); System.out.println(object.toString()); } // 打印字符串的长度 // 因为字符串的长度是字符串的特有方法,所以需要进行转型 String str = (String) it.next(); System.out.println(str.length()); } }
String str = (String) it.next(); System.out.println(str.length());// 导致错误java.lang.ClassCastException: java.lang.Integer cannot be cast to java.lang.String// 因为存储的对象有Integer类型不能转换为String类型
这就存在一个问题,如果集合存储元素时,而且存储对象有很多,而且对象类型不相同,就很容易导致隐患。
在Java
中该文件xxx.java
在编译的时候不会出现错误是因为该存储的是Object
的任何类型的对象,所以不会出现错误,编译通过了。编译后为xxx.class
到运行。
如果要解决问题,可以把问题提前到编译的时候去解决,让集合更加安全,但是如何解决呢?
在集合中存储的类型是可以任意的,所以会导致留下隐患,我们认识的数组在存储的时候就不会出现这种错误,因为它一开始就明确了存储的内存类型,一旦不是它要存储的类型就会编译不过去导致出错。
在集合中,我们可以一开始就明确要在容器中存储的什么类型的元素,跟数组一样就好了啊!那就不会出现ClassCastException
的问题啦!
那么如何创建集合,规定存储定义的类型呢?这就需要有泛型了,有了泛型,就可以保证安全机制了,可以将运行时期转移到编译时期,泛型的出现就是为了给编译使用的,泛型的出现就可以不用强转了。
List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
泛型类运用
一直以来,你看到的<E>
,就是所谓的泛型表达
java.util 接口 Collection<E>
泛型案例
public class Demo{ public static void main(String[] args){ // 添加泛型 Set<String> set = new TreeSet<String>(); // 添加元素 set.add("a"); set.add("ab"); for(Iterator<String> it = set.iterator(); it.hasNext();){ // 不用转换了 String str = it.next(); System.out.println(str); } } }
进行比较长度:
Set<String> set = new TreeSet<String>(new Comperator>(){ @Override public int compare(String o1, String o2){ int temp = o1.length() - o2.length(); return temp == 0 ? o1.compareTo(o2) : temp; } }
泛型类 可能导致ClassCastException
// 简书作者:达叔小生public static void main(String[] args){ Demo d = new Demo(); d.setObject(23); String s = (String) d.getObject(); System.out.println(s); }
class Demo{ private String str; public String getStr(){ return str; } public void setStr(String str){ this.str = str; } }// Objectclass Demo{ private Object object; public Object getObject(){ return object; } public void setObject(Object object){ this.object = object; } }
02
JDK1.5
开始的新技术
// 泛型类-泛型定义在类上class Demo(D){ private D object; public D getObject(){ return object; } public void setObject(D object){ this.object = object; } }
Demo<String> d = new Demo<String>(); d.setObject("abc"); // 只能传递String类型String s = d.getObject(); System.out.println(s);
泛型方法的使用
// 简书作者:达叔小生class Demo<D>{ public <D> void show(D d){ // 泛型方法 System.out.println("show"+d); } public static<E> void print(E e){ // 方法为静态,使用泛型,需要定义在方法上 System.out.println("print"+d); } }
public static void mian(String[] args){ Demo<String> demo = new Demo<String>(); demo.show("abc"); demo.print("abc"); }
泛型接口
// 简书作者:达叔小生interface Inter<E>{ void show(E e); }
class InterDemo implements Inter<String>{ ... }class InterDemo<T> implements Inter<T>{ public void show(T t){ ... } }
泛型通配符
public class Demo{ public static main(String[] args){ List<Student> list = new ArrayList<Student>(); list.add(new Student("dashu",20)); list.add(new Student("dashu1",21)); list.add(new Student("dashu2",22)); for(Iterator<Student> it = list.iterator(); it.hasNext();){ System.out.println(it.next()); } // 打印 private static void print(Collection<Student> coll){ for(Iterator<Student> it = coll.iterator(); it.hasNext();){ System.out.println(it.next()); } // 打印 private static void printList(Collection<?> coll){ for(Iterator<?> it = coll.iterator(); it.hasNext();){ System.out.println(it.next().toString()); } // 打印 private static void printList(Collection<? extends Person> coll){ for(Iterator<? extends Person> it = coll.iterator(); it.hasNext();){ Person p = it.next(); System.out.println(p.getName()); } } } } }
? extends E
:接收E
类型或者E
的子类型? super E
:接收E
类型或者E
的父类型
// 简书作者:达叔小生public class Person{ // 定义属性 private String name; private int age; // 定义构造方法 public Person(){ super(); } // 有参的构造方法 public Person(String name, int age){ super(); this.name = name; this.age = age; } public String getName(){ return name; } public void setName(String name){ this.name = name; } public int getAge(){ return age; } public void setAge(int age){ this.age = age; } // toString @Override public String toString(){ return "Person [ name=" + name + ",age=" + age + "]"; } }
public class Student extends Person{ public Student(){ super(); } public Student(String name, int age){ super(name,age; }@Override public String toString(){ return "Student [getName()=" + getName() + ",getAge()=" + getAge() + "]"; } }
public class Worker extends Person{ public Worker(){ super(); } public Worker(String name, int age){ super(name, age); } @Override public String toString(){ return "Worker [name =" + getName() + ", age =" + getAge() + "]"; } }
通配符的体现
Collection<String> c1 = new ArrayList<String>(); c1.add("dashu"); Collection<String> c2 = new ArrayList<String>(); c2.add("dashucoding"); boolean b = c1.containsAll(c2);// boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c);System.out.println("b="+b);// 结果为 false
内源码
// 简书作者:达叔小生public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c){ for(Object o : c){ if(!contains(o)){ return false; } return true; } }
java.util类 TreeSet<E>java.lang.Object -> java.util.AbstractCollection<E> -> java.util.AbstractSet<E> -> java.util.TreeSet<E> 参数E:为此set要维护的元素类型
public class TreeSet<E>extends AbstractSet<E>implements NavigableSet<E>,Cloneable,Serializable
TreeSet
的构造方法
方法 | 说明 |
---|---|
TreeSet() | 构造方法,更具元素自然排序 |
TreeSet(Collection<? extends E> c) | 构造一个包含collection 元素的新TreeSet ,按照其元素自然顺序进行排序 |
TreeSet(Comparator<? super E> comparator) | 构造一个新的空TreeSet ,它根据指定比较进行排序 |
TreeSet(Sorted<E> s) | 构造一个有序的set ,具有相同的映射关系与相同排序的TreeSet |
public class Person implements Comparable<Person> { // 定义属性 private String name; private int age; // 定义构造方法 public Person(){ super(); } // 有参的构造方法 public Person(String name, int age){ super(); this.name = name; this.age = age; } public String getName(){ return name; } public void setName(String name){ this.name = name; } public int getAge(){ return age; } public void setAge(int age){ this.age = age; } // toString @Override public String toString(){ return "Person [ name=" + name + ",age=" + age + "]"; } @Override public int compareTo(Person o){ int temp = this.age - o.age; return temp == 0?this.name.compareTo(o.name) : temp; return 0; } }
Collection<Person> c = new ArrayList<Person>(); c.add(new Person("dashu",12)); c.add(new Person("dashucoding",13)); TreeSet<Person> ts = new TreeSet<Person>(c); ts.add(new Person("dashuxiaosheng",14));for(Iterator<Person> it = ts.iterator(); it.hasNext();){ Person person = it.next((); System.out.println(person); }
// 简书作者:达叔小生TreeSet<Student> ts = new TreeSet<Student>(new ComparetoName() ); ts.add(new Student("dashu",12)); ts.add(new Student("dashucoding",13));for(Iterator<Student> it = ts.iterator(); it.hasNext();){ Student student = it.next(); System.out.println(student); }
class ComparetoName implements Comparator<Student>{ @Override public int compare(Student o1, Student o2){ int temp = o1.getName().compareTo(o2.getName()); return temp == 0 ? o1.getAge() - o2.getAge() : temp; } }
ArrayList<Dog> a = new ArrayList<Dog>(); // 可以ArrayList<Object> a = new ArrayList<String>(); // 不可以
泛型的特点
public class Demo{ public static void main(String[] args){ // 获取集合中的最大值元素 Collection c = new ArrayList(); c.add(new Student("da",12)); c.add(new Student("dashu",13)); c.ass(new Student("dashucoding",14)); Student stu = getMax(c); System.out.println(stu); } public static Student getMax(collection<Student> c){ Iterator<Student> it = c.iterator(); Student max = it.next(); while(it.hasNext()){ Student temp = it.next(); if(temp.compareTo(max) > 0){ max = temp; } } return max; } }
// 简书作者:达叔小生public static <T extends Comparable<? super T>> T getMax(Collection<? extends T> c){ Iterator<? extends T> it = c.iterator(); T max = it.next(); while(it.haxNext()){ T temp = it.next(); if(temp.compareTo(max)>0){ max = temp; } } }
Collections
工具类
java.util类 Collectionsjava.lang.Object -> java.util.Collections
public class Collectionsextends Object
public class CollectionsDemo{ // 集合框架中的操作集合对象的工具类,静态的方法 Collection<String> c = new ArrayList<String>(); c.add("dashu"); c.add("dashucoding"); String max = Collections.max(c); }
maxpublic static <T extends Object & Comparable<? super T>> T max(Collection<? extends T> coll)
源码
// 简书作者:达叔小生public static <T extends Object & Comparable<? super T>> T max(Collection<? extends T> coll){ Iterator<? extends T> i = coll.iterator(); T candidate = i.next(); while(i.hasNext()){ T next = i.next(); if(next.compareTo(candidate) > 0){ candidate = next; } return candidate; } }
maxpublic static <T> T max (Collection<? extends T> coll,Comparator<? super T> comp)// 可以根据比较器产生顺序
Collection<String> c = new ArrayList<String>(); c.add("dashu"); c.add("dashucoding"); String max = Collections.max(c, new Comparator<String>(){ @Override public int compare(String o1, String o2){ int temp = o1.length() - o2.length(); return temp == 0?o1.compareTo(o2) : temp; } });
源码
public static <T> T max(Collection<? extends T> coll, Comparator<? super T> comp){ if(comp == null){ return (T)max((Collection<SelfComparable>)(Collection) coll); Iterator<? extends T> i = coll.iterator(); T candidate = i.next(); while(i.hasNext()){ T next = i.next(); if(comp.compare(next, candidate) > 0) candidate = next; } return candidate; } }
排序
List<String> llist = new ArrayList<String>();list.add("a");list.add("add");list.add("sl");list.add("dljf"); Collections.sort(list);
长度排序
public class ComparatorLength implements Comparator<String>{ @Override public int compare(String o1, String o2){ int temp = o1.length() - o2.length(); return temp == 0 ? o1.compareTo(o2) : temp; } }
集合和数组
public class ArraysDemo{ public static void main(String[] args){ int[] arr = {23,434,575}; System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr)); String[] strs = {"dashu","da","shu"}; List<String> list = Arrays.asList(strs); System.out.println(list); } }
作者:达叔小生
链接:https://www.jianshu.com/p/e73038d21c3d