这篇文章，我们将从Ocelot的中间件源码分析，目前Ocelot已经实现那些功能，还有那些功能在我们实际项目中暂时还未实现，如果我们要使用这些功能，应该如何改造等方面来说明。
一、Ocelot源码解读
在使用一个组件前，最好我们要了解其中的一些原理，否则在使用过程中遇到问题，也无从下手，今天我带着大家一起来解读下Ocelot源码，并梳理出具体实现的原理和流程，便于我们根据需求扩展应用。
Ocelot源码地址[https://github.com/ThreeMammals/Ocelot],
Ocelot文档地址[https://ocelot.readthedocs.io/en/latest/]
查看.NETCORE相关中间件源码，我们优先找到入口方法，比如Ocelot中间件使用的是app.UseOcelot(),我们直接搜索UserOcelot,我们会找到OcelotMiddlewareExtensions方法，里面是Ocelot中间件实际运行的方式和流程。
然后继续顺藤摸瓜，查看详细的实现，我们会发现如下代码
public static async Task<IApplicationBuilder> UseOcelot(this IApplicationBuilder builder, OcelotPipelineConfiguration pipelineConfiguration) {
//创建配置信息
var configuration = await CreateConfiguration(builder); //监听配置信息
ConfigureDiagnosticListener(builder); //创建执行管道
return CreateOcelotPipeline(builder, pipelineConfiguration);
}然后我们继续跟踪到创建管道方法，可以发现Ocelot的执行流程已经被找到，现在问题变的简单了，直接查看
private static IApplicationBuilder CreateOcelotPipeline(IApplicationBuilder builder, OcelotPipelineConfiguration pipelineConfiguration){ var pipelineBuilder = new OcelotPipelineBuilder(builder.ApplicationServices); //详细创建的管道顺序在此方法
pipelineBuilder.BuildOcelotPipeline(pipelineConfiguration); var firstDelegate = pipelineBuilder.Build(); /*
inject first delegate into first piece of asp.net middleware..maybe not like this
then because we are updating the http context in ocelot it comes out correct for
rest of asp.net..
*/
builder.Properties["analysis.NextMiddlewareName"] = "TransitionToOcelotMiddleware";
builder.Use(async (context, task) =>
{ var downstreamContext = new DownstreamContext(context); await firstDelegate.Invoke(downstreamContext);
}); return builder;
}管道创建流程及实现，会不会感觉到摸到大动脉了，核心的功能及原理基本找到了，那以后动手术也就可以避开一些坑了，我们可以对着这个执行顺序，再查看详细的源码，按照这个执行顺序查看源码，您就会发现整个思路非常清晰，每一步的实现一目了然。为了更直观的介绍源码的解读方式，这里我们就拿我们后续要操刀的中间件来讲解下中间件的具体实现。
public static class OcelotPipelineExtensions
{ public static OcelotRequestDelegate BuildOcelotPipeline(this IOcelotPipelineBuilder builder,
OcelotPipelineConfiguration pipelineConfiguration)
{ // This is registered to catch any global exceptions that are not handled
// It also sets the Request Id if anything is set globally
builder.UseExceptionHandlerMiddleware(); // If the request is for websockets upgrade we fork into a different pipeline
builder.MapWhen(context => context.HttpContext.WebSockets.IsWebSocketRequest,
app =>
{ app.UseDownstreamRouteFinderMiddleware(); app.UseDownstreamRequestInitialiser(); app.UseLoadBalancingMiddleware(); app.UseDownstreamUrlCreatorMiddleware(); app.UseWebSocketsProxyMiddleware();
}); // Allow the user to respond with absolutely anything they want.
builder.UseIfNotNull(pipelineConfiguration.PreErrorResponderMiddleware); // This is registered first so it can catch any errors and issue an appropriate response
builder.UseResponderMiddleware(); // Then we get the downstream route information
builder.UseDownstreamRouteFinderMiddleware(); // This security module, IP whitelist blacklist, extended security mechanism
builder.UseSecurityMiddleware(); //Expand other branch pipes
if (pipelineConfiguration.MapWhenOcelotPipeline != null)
{ foreach (var pipeline in pipelineConfiguration.MapWhenOcelotPipeline)
{ builder.MapWhen(pipeline);
}
} // Now we have the ds route we can transform headers and stuff?
builder.UseHttpHeadersTransformationMiddleware(); // Initialises downstream request
builder.UseDownstreamRequestInitialiser(); // We check whether the request is ratelimit, and if there is no continue processing
builder.UseRateLimiting(); // This adds or updates the request id (initally we try and set this based on global config in the error handling middleware)
// If anything was set at global level and we have a different setting at re route level the global stuff will be overwritten
// This means you can get a scenario where you have a different request id from the first piece of middleware to the request id middleware.
builder.UseRequestIdMiddleware(); // Allow pre authentication logic. The idea being people might want to run something custom before what is built in.
builder.UseIfNotNull(pipelineConfiguration.PreAuthenticationMiddleware); // Now we know where the client is going to go we can authenticate them.
// We allow the ocelot middleware to be overriden by whatever the
// user wants
if (pipelineConfiguration.AuthenticationMiddleware == null)
{ builder.UseAuthenticationMiddleware();
} else
{ builder.Use(pipelineConfiguration.AuthenticationMiddleware);
} // The next thing we do is look at any claims transforms in case this is important for authorisation
builder.UseClaimsToClaimsMiddleware(); // Allow pre authorisation logic. The idea being people might want to run something custom before what is built in.
builder.UseIfNotNull(pipelineConfiguration.PreAuthorisationMiddleware); // Now we have authenticated and done any claims transformation we
// can authorise the request
// We allow the ocelot middleware to be overriden by whatever the
// user wants
if (pipelineConfiguration.AuthorisationMiddleware == null)
{//使用自定义认证，移除默认的认证方式
//builder.UseAuthorisationMiddleware();
}
else
{ builder.Use(pipelineConfiguration.AuthorisationMiddleware);
} // Now we can run the claims to headers transformation middleware
builder.UseClaimsToHeadersMiddleware(); // Allow the user to implement their own query string manipulation logic
builder.UseIfNotNull(pipelineConfiguration.PreQueryStringBuilderMiddleware); // Now we can run any claims to query string transformation middleware
builder.UseClaimsToQueryStringMiddleware(); // Get the load balancer for this request
builder.UseLoadBalancingMiddleware(); // This takes the downstream route we retrieved earlier and replaces any placeholders with the variables that should be used
builder.UseDownstreamUrlCreatorMiddleware(); // Not sure if this is the best place for this but we use the downstream url
// as the basis for our cache key.
builder.UseOutputCacheMiddleware(); //We fire off the request and set the response on the scoped data repo
builder.UseHttpRequesterMiddleware(); return builder.Build();
} private static void UseIfNotNull(this IOcelotPipelineBuilder builder,
Func<DownstreamContext, Func<Task>, Task> middleware)
{ if (middleware != null)
{ builder.Use(middleware);
}
}
}限流中间件实现解析
实现代码如下builder.UseRateLimiting();，我们转到定义，得到如下代码，详细的实现逻辑在ClientRateLimitMiddleware方法里，继续转定义到这个方法，我把方法里用到的内容注释了下。
public static class RateLimitMiddlewareExtensions{ public static IOcelotPipelineBuilder UseRateLimiting(this IOcelotPipelineBuilder builder) { return builder.UseMiddleware<ClientRateLimitMiddleware>();
}
}public class ClientRateLimitMiddleware : OcelotMiddleware{ private readonly OcelotRequestDelegate _next; private readonly IRateLimitCounterHandler _counterHandler; private readonly ClientRateLimitProcessor _processor; public ClientRateLimitMiddleware(OcelotRequestDelegate next,
IOcelotLoggerFactory loggerFactory,
IRateLimitCounterHandler counterHandler)
:base(loggerFactory.CreateLogger<ClientRateLimitMiddleware>()) {
_next = next;
_counterHandler = counterHandler;
_processor = new ClientRateLimitProcessor(counterHandler);
} //熟悉的Tnvoke方法，所有的逻辑都在此方法里。
public async Task Invoke(DownstreamContext context) { var options = context.DownstreamReRoute.RateLimitOptions; // 校验是否启用限流配置
if (!context.DownstreamReRoute.EnableEndpointEndpointRateLimiting)
{//未启用直接进入下一个中间件
Logger.LogInformation($"EndpointRateLimiting is not enabled for {context.DownstreamReRoute.DownstreamPathTemplate.Value}"); await _next.Invoke(context); return;
} // 获取配置的校验客户端的方式
var identity = SetIdentity(context.HttpContext, options); // 校验是否为白名单
if (IsWhitelisted(identity, options))
{//白名单直接放行
Logger.LogInformation($"{context.DownstreamReRoute.DownstreamPathTemplate.Value} is white listed from rate limiting"); await _next.Invoke(context); return;
} var rule = options.RateLimitRule; if (rule.Limit > 0)
{//限流数是否大于0
// 获取当前客户端请求情况，这里需要注意_processor是从哪里注入的，后续重
var counter = _processor.ProcessRequest(identity, options); // 校验请求数是否大于限流数
if (counter.TotalRequests > rule.Limit)
{ //获取下次有效请求的时间，就是避免每次请求，都校验一次
var retryAfter = _processor.RetryAfterFrom(counter.Timestamp, rule); // 写入日志
LogBlockedRequest(context.HttpContext, identity, counter, rule, context.DownstreamReRoute); var retrystring = retryAfter.ToString(System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture); // 抛出超出限流异常并把下次可请求时间写入header里。
await ReturnQuotaExceededResponse(context.HttpContext, options, retrystring); return;
}
} //如果启用了限流头部
if (!options.DisableRateLimitHeaders)
{ var headers = _processor.GetRateLimitHeaders(context.HttpContext, identity, options);
context.HttpContext.Response.OnStarting(SetRateLimitHeaders, state: headers);
} //进入下一个中间件
await _next.Invoke(context);
} public virtual ClientRequestIdentity SetIdentity(HttpContext httpContext, RateLimitOptions option) { var clientId = "client"; if (httpContext.Request.Headers.Keys.Contains(option.ClientIdHeader))
{
clientId = httpContext.Request.Headers[option.ClientIdHeader].First();
} return new ClientRequestIdentity(
clientId,
httpContext.Request.Path.ToString().ToLowerInvariant(),
httpContext.Request.Method.ToLowerInvariant()
);
} public bool IsWhitelisted(ClientRequestIdentity requestIdentity, RateLimitOptions option) { if (option.ClientWhitelist.Contains(requestIdentity.ClientId))
{ return true;
} return false;
} public virtual void LogBlockedRequest(HttpContext httpContext, ClientRequestIdentity identity, RateLimitCounter counter, RateLimitRule rule, DownstreamReRoute downstreamReRoute) {
Logger.LogInformation( $"Request {identity.HttpVerb}:{identity.Path} from ClientId {identity.ClientId} has been blocked, quota {rule.Limit}/{rule.Period} exceeded by {counter.TotalRequests}. Blocked by rule { downstreamReRoute.UpstreamPathTemplate.OriginalValue }, TraceIdentifier {httpContext.TraceIdentifier}.");
} public virtual Task ReturnQuotaExceededResponse(HttpContext httpContext, RateLimitOptions option, string retryAfter) { var message = string.IsNullOrEmpty(option.QuotaExceededMessage) ? $"API calls quota exceeded! maximum admitted {option.RateLimitRule.Limit} per {option.RateLimitRule.Period}." : option.QuotaExceededMessage; if (!option.DisableRateLimitHeaders)
{
httpContext.Response.Headers["Retry-After"] = retryAfter;
}
httpContext.Response.StatusCode = option.HttpStatusCode; return httpContext.Response.WriteAsync(message);
} private Task SetRateLimitHeaders(object rateLimitHeaders) { var headers = (RateLimitHeaders)rateLimitHeaders;
headers.Context.Response.Headers["X-Rate-Limit-Limit"] = headers.Limit;
headers.Context.Response.Headers["X-Rate-Limit-Remaining"] = headers.Remaining;
headers.Context.Response.Headers["X-Rate-Limit-Reset"] = headers.Reset; return Task.CompletedTask;
}
}通过源码解析，发现实现一个限流还是很简单的吗！再进一步解析，IRateLimitCounterHandler ClientRateLimitProcessor里的相关接口又是怎么实现的呢？这时候我们就需要了解下.NETCORE 的运行原理，其中ConfigureServices方法实现了依赖注入(DI)的配置。这时候我们看下Ocelot是在哪里进行注入的呢？
services.AddOcelot()是不是印象深刻呢？原来所有的注入信息都写在这里，那么问题简单了，Ctrl+F查找AddOcelot方法，马上就能定位到ServiceCollectionExtensions方法，然后再转到定义OcelotBuilder
public static class ServiceCollectionExtensions{ public static IOcelotBuilder AddOcelot(this IServiceCollection services) { var service = services.First(x => x.ServiceType == typeof(IConfiguration)); var configuration = (IConfiguration)service.ImplementationInstance; return new OcelotBuilder(services, configuration);
} public static IOcelotBuilder AddOcelot(this IServiceCollection services, IConfiguration configuration) { return new OcelotBuilder(services, configuration);
}
}又摸到大动脉啦，现在问题迎刃而解，原来所有的注入都写在这里，从这里可以找下我们熟悉的几个接口注入。
public OcelotBuilder(IServiceCollection services, IConfiguration configurationRoot)
{
Configuration = configurationRoot;
Services = services;
Services.Configure<FileConfiguration>(configurationRoot);
Services.TryAddSingleton<IOcelotCache<FileConfiguration>, InMemoryCache<FileConfiguration>>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IOcelotCache<CachedResponse>, InMemoryCache<CachedResponse>>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IHttpResponseHeaderReplacer, HttpResponseHeaderReplacer>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IHttpContextRequestHeaderReplacer, HttpContextRequestHeaderReplacer>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IHeaderFindAndReplaceCreator, HeaderFindAndReplaceCreator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IInternalConfigurationCreator, FileInternalConfigurationCreator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IInternalConfigurationRepository, InMemoryInternalConfigurationRepository>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IConfigurationValidator, FileConfigurationFluentValidator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<HostAndPortValidator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IReRoutesCreator, ReRoutesCreator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IAggregatesCreator, AggregatesCreator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IReRouteKeyCreator, ReRouteKeyCreator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IConfigurationCreator, ConfigurationCreator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IDynamicsCreator, DynamicsCreator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<ILoadBalancerOptionsCreator, LoadBalancerOptionsCreator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<ReRouteFluentValidator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<FileGlobalConfigurationFluentValidator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<FileQoSOptionsFluentValidator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IClaimsToThingCreator, ClaimsToThingCreator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IAuthenticationOptionsCreator, AuthenticationOptionsCreator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IUpstreamTemplatePatternCreator, UpstreamTemplatePatternCreator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IRequestIdKeyCreator, RequestIdKeyCreator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IServiceProviderConfigurationCreator,ServiceProviderConfigurationCreator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IQoSOptionsCreator, QoSOptionsCreator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IReRouteOptionsCreator, ReRouteOptionsCreator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IRateLimitOptionsCreator, RateLimitOptionsCreator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IBaseUrlFinder, BaseUrlFinder>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IRegionCreator, RegionCreator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IFileConfigurationRepository, DiskFileConfigurationRepository>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IFileConfigurationSetter, FileAndInternalConfigurationSetter>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IServiceDiscoveryProviderFactory, ServiceDiscoveryProviderFactory>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<ILoadBalancerFactory, LoadBalancerFactory>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<ILoadBalancerHouse, LoadBalancerHouse>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IOcelotLoggerFactory, AspDotNetLoggerFactory>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IRemoveOutputHeaders, RemoveOutputHeaders>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IClaimToThingConfigurationParser, ClaimToThingConfigurationParser>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IClaimsAuthoriser, ClaimsAuthoriser>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IScopesAuthoriser, ScopesAuthoriser>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IAddClaimsToRequest, AddClaimsToRequest>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IAddHeadersToRequest, AddHeadersToRequest>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IAddQueriesToRequest, AddQueriesToRequest>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IClaimsParser, ClaimsParser>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IUrlPathToUrlTemplateMatcher, RegExUrlMatcher>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IPlaceholderNameAndValueFinder, UrlPathPlaceholderNameAndValueFinder>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IDownstreamPathPlaceholderReplacer, DownstreamTemplatePathPlaceholderReplacer>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IDownstreamRouteProvider, DownstreamRouteFinder>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IDownstreamRouteProvider, DownstreamRouteCreator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IDownstreamRouteProviderFactory, DownstreamRouteProviderFactory>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IHttpRequester, HttpClientHttpRequester>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IHttpResponder, HttpContextResponder>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IErrorsToHttpStatusCodeMapper, ErrorsToHttpStatusCodeMapper>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IRateLimitCounterHandler, MemoryCacheRateLimitCounterHandler>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IHttpClientCache, MemoryHttpClientCache>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IRequestMapper, RequestMapper>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IHttpHandlerOptionsCreator, HttpHandlerOptionsCreator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IDownstreamAddressesCreator, DownstreamAddressesCreator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IDelegatingHandlerHandlerFactory, DelegatingHandlerHandlerFactory>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IHttpRequester, HttpClientHttpRequester>();
// see this for why we register this as singleton http://stackoverflow.com/questions/37371264/invalidoperationexception-unable-to-resolve-service-for-type-microsoft-aspnetc
// could maybe use a scoped data repository
Services.TryAddSingleton<IHttpContextAccessor, HttpContextAccessor>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IRequestScopedDataRepository, HttpDataRepository>();
Services.AddMemoryCache();
Services.TryAddSingleton<OcelotDiagnosticListener>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IMultiplexer, Multiplexer>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IResponseAggregator, SimpleJsonResponseAggregator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<ITracingHandlerFactory, TracingHandlerFactory>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IFileConfigurationPollerOptions, InMemoryFileConfigurationPollerOptions>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IAddHeadersToResponse, AddHeadersToResponse>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IPlaceholders, Placeholders>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IResponseAggregatorFactory, InMemoryResponseAggregatorFactory>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IDefinedAggregatorProvider, ServiceLocatorDefinedAggregatorProvider>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IDownstreamRequestCreator, DownstreamRequestCreator>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IFrameworkDescription, FrameworkDescription>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IQoSFactory, QoSFactory>();
Services.TryAddSingleton<IExceptionToErrorMapper, HttpExeptionToErrorMapper>();
//add security
this.AddSecurity();
//add asp.net services..
var assembly = typeof(FileConfigurationController).GetTypeInfo().Assembly;
Services.AddMvcCore()
.AddApplicationPart(assembly)
.AddControllersAsServices()
.AddAuthorization()
.AddJsonFormatters();
Services.AddLogging();
Services.AddMiddlewareAnalysis();
Services.AddWebEncoders();
}至此Ocelot源码解析就到这里了，其他的具体实现代码就根据流程一个一个查看即可，这里就不详细讲解了，因为我们已经掌握整个Ocelot代码的运行原理和实现方式及流程，项目里其他的一大堆的代码都是围绕这个流程去一步一步实现的。
有没有感觉添加一个中间件不是很复杂呢，是不是都跃跃欲试，准备尝试开发自己的自定义中间件啦，本篇就不介绍中间件的具体开发流程了，后续实战中会包含部分项目中需要用到的中间件，到时候会详细讲解如何规划和开发一个满足自己项目需求的中间件。
二、结合项目梳理功能
在完整学习完Ocelot文档和源码后，我们基本掌握了Ocelot目前已经实现的功能，再结合我们实际项目需求，我们梳理下还有哪些功能可能需要自己扩展实现。
项目设计网关基本需求包括路由、认证、授权、限流、缓存，仔细学习文档和源码后发现功能都已经存在，那是不是我们就可以直接拿来使用呢？这时候我们需要拿出一些复杂业务场景来对号入座，看能否实现复杂场景的一些应用。
1、授权
能否为每一个客户端设置独立的访问权限，如果客户端A可以访问服务A、服务B，客户端B只能访问服务A，从网关层面直接授权，不满足需求不路由到具体服务。从文档和代码分析后发现暂时未实现。
2、限流
能否为每一个客户端设置不能限流规则，例如客户端A为我们内容应用，我希望对服务A不启用限流，客户端B为第三方接入应用，我需要B访问服务A访问进行单独限流（30次/分钟），看能否通过配置实现自定义限流。从文档和代码分析后发现暂时未实现。
3、缓存
通过代码发现目前缓存实现的只是Dictionary方式实现的缓存，不能实现分布式结构的应用。
通过分析我们发现列举的5个基本需求，尽然有3个在我们实际项目应用中可能会存在问题，如果不解决这些问题，很难直接拿这个完美的网关项目应用到正式项目，所以我们到通过扩展Ocelot方法来实现我们的目的。
如何扩展呢
为了满足我们项目应用的需要，我们需要为每一个路由进行单独设置，如果还采用配置文件的方式，肯定无法满足需求，且后续网关动态增加路由、授权、限流等无法控制，所以我们需要把网关配置信息从配置文件中移到数据库中，由数据库中的路由表、限流表、授权表等方式记录当前网关的应用，且后续扩展直接在数据库中增加或减少相关配置，然后动态更新网关配置实现网关的高可用。
想一想是不是有点小激动，原来只要稍微改造下宝骏瞬间变宝马，那接下来的课程就是网关改造之旅，我会从设计、思想、编码等方面讲解下如何实现我们的第一辆宝马。
本系列文章我也是边想边写边实现，如果发现中间有任何描述或实现不当的地方，也请各位大神批评指正，我会第一时间整理并修正，避免让后续学习的人走弯路。