new Thread的弊端
a. 每次new Thread新建对象性能差。b. 线程缺乏统一管理,可能无限制新建线程,相互之间竞争,及可能占用过多系统资源导致死机或oom。c. 缺乏更多功能,如定时执行、定期执行、线程中断。相比new Thread,Java提供的四种线程池的好处在于:a. 重用存在的线程,减少对象创建、消亡的开销,性能佳。b. 可有效控制最大并发线程数,提高系统资源的使用率,同时避免过多资源竞争,避免堵塞。c. 提供定时执行、定期执行、单线程、并发数控制等功能。
Java通过Executors提供四种线程池,分别为:
newCachedThreadPool创建一个可缓存线程池,如果线程池长度超过处理需要,可灵活回收空闲线程,若无可回收,则新建线程.newFixedThreadPool 创建一个定长线程池,可控制线程最大并发数,超出的线程会在队列中等待.newScheduledThreadPool 创建一个定长线程池,支持定时及周期性任务执行.newSingleThreadExecutor 创建一个单线程化的线程池,它只会用唯一的工作线程来执行任务,保证所有任务按照指定顺序(FIFO, LIFO, 优先级)执行.
newFixedThreadPool
创建一个定长线程池,可控制线程最大并发数,超出的线程会在队列中等待.示例代码如下,此示例需要jdk1.8环境(因为应用到了1.8的新特性lambda表达式)和fastjson的jar包,如果不需要输出,屏蔽掉fastjson相关的操作即可
代码:
package com.qfx.demo;import java.util.ArrayList;import java.util.HashMap;import java.util.List;import java.util.Map;import java.util.UUID;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;import java.util.concurrent.Executors;import java.util.concurrent.Future;import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;import com.qfx.util.DateUtil;public class ThreadPoolDemoTwo { // 总记录数 private static Map<String, Object> getTotalResult() { Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<String, Object>(); map.put("totalResult", 8699); try { Thread.sleep(2000); System.err.println("线程[" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "]执行方法getTotalResult()完毕,本方法执行需要时间2秒"); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return map; } // 记录集合(无参) private static List<Map<String, Object>> getUserList() { List<Map<String, Object>> list = new ArrayList<Map<String, Object>>(); Map<String, Object> map = null; for (int i = 1; i <= 18; i++) { map = new HashMap<String, Object>(); map.put("id", UUID.randomUUID()); map.put("age", "王琳琳" + i); list.add(map); } try { Thread.sleep(5000); System.err.println("线程[" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "]执行方法getUserList()完毕,本方法执行需要时间5秒"); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return list; } // 记录集合2(有参) private static List<Map<String, Object>> getUserList(int threadNum) { List<Map<String, Object>> list = new ArrayList<Map<String, Object>>(); Map<String, Object> map = null; for (int i = 1; i <= 18; i++) { map = new HashMap<String, Object>(); map.put("id", UUID.randomUUID()); map.put("age", "王琳琳" + i); list.add(map); } try { Thread.sleep(5000); System.err.println("第" + threadNum + "个方法使用线程[" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "]执行完毕,本方法执行需要时间5秒"); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return list; } // 请求结果 private static Map<String, Object> getResult() { Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<String, Object>(); map.put("result", true); try { Thread.sleep(3000); System.err.println("线程[" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "]执行方法getResult()完毕,本方法执行需要时间3秒"); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return map; } // 调用多个方法,获取结果顺序执行,不会因为先执行完毕时间不一样而顺序打乱 private static String threadPollTest() { Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<String, Object>(); // 创建一个固定大小的线程池 ExecutorService service = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3); Future<Map<String, Object>> submit = service .submit(() -> getTotalResult()); Future<List<Map<String, Object>>> submit2 = service .submit(() -> getUserList()); Future<Map<String, Object>> submit3 = service.submit(() -> getResult()); try { Map<String, Object> totalResultMap = submit.get(); List<Map<String, Object>> userList = submit2.get(); Map<String, Object> resultMap = submit3.get(); map.put("total", totalResultMap); map.put("rows", userList); map.put("result", resultMap); } catch (InterruptedException | ExecutionException e) { submit.cancel(true); submit2.cancel(true); submit3.cancel(true); e.printStackTrace(); } finally { service.shutdown(); } return JSONObject.toJSONString(map); } // 调用相同方法循环处理 private static List<List<Map<String, Object>>> threadPollTest02() { List<List<Map<String, Object>>> resultList = new ArrayList<List<Map<String, Object>>>(); // 创建一个固定大小的线程池,可控制线程最大并发数,超出的线程会在队列中等待,代码如下 ExecutorService service = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3); List<Future<List<Map<String, Object>>>> list = new ArrayList<Future<List<Map<String, Object>>>>(); for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { // 方法调用方式一:有参调用 // 用于Lambda表达式的变量不可变,如以下写法会编译错误,因为getUserList(i)中的i是可变的 // service.submit(()-> getUserList(i)); // 编译错误信息:Local variable i defined in an enclosing scope must be // final or effectively final // 但可以使用以下方法来完成参数传递 int k = i; Future<List<Map<String, Object>>> submit = service .submit(() -> getUserList(k)); // 方法调用方式二:无参调用 // Future<List<Map<String, Object>>> submit = service.submit(()-> // getUserList()); list.add(submit); } try { for (Future<List<Map<String, Object>>> future : list) { List<Map<String, Object>> userList = future.get(); resultList.add(userList); } } catch (InterruptedException | ExecutionException e) { for (Future<List<Map<String, Object>>> future : list) { future.cancel(true); } e.printStackTrace(); } finally { service.shutdown(); } return resultList; } // 线程池执行方案 public static void test01() { System.out.println("线程池执行方案"); String startTime = DateUtil.getDateTime(); System.out.println("开始时间:" + startTime); String str = threadPollTest(); System.out.println(str); String endTime = DateUtil.getDateTime(); System.out.println("结束时间:" + endTime); long[] de = DateUtil.getDistanceTimes(startTime, endTime); System.out.println("用时:" + de[1] + "小时" + de[2] + "分" + de[3] + "秒"); } // 普通执行方案,不使用线程,顺序执行 public static void test02() { System.out.println("普通执行方案,不使用线程,顺序执行"); String startTime = DateUtil.getDateTime(); System.out.println("开始时间:" + startTime); Map<String, Object> totalResultMap = getTotalResult(); List<Map<String, Object>> userList = getUserList(); Map<String, Object> resultMap = getResult(); Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<String, Object>(); map.put("total", totalResultMap); map.put("rows", userList); map.put("result", resultMap); String str = JSONObject.toJSONString(map); System.out.println(str); String endTime = DateUtil.getDateTime(); System.out.println("结束时间:" + endTime); long[] de = DateUtil.getDistanceTimes(startTime, endTime); System.out.println("用时:" + de[1] + "小时" + de[2] + "分" + de[3] + "秒"); } // 线程池执行方案-循环执行 public static void test03() { System.out.println("线程池执行方案-循环执行"); String startTime = DateUtil.getDateTime(); System.out.println("开始时间:" + startTime); List<List<Map<String, Object>>> resultList = threadPollTest02(); System.out.println(JSONObject.toJSONString(resultList)); String endTime = DateUtil.getDateTime(); System.out.println("结束时间:" + endTime); long[] de = DateUtil.getDistanceTimes(startTime, endTime); System.out.println("用时:" + de[1] + "小时" + de[2] + "分" + de[3] + "秒"); } public static void main(String[] args) { test01(); System.out.println("----------------------------"); test02(); System.out.println("----------------------------"); test03(); }}