栈是什么,你可以理解为一种先入后出的数据结构(First In Last Out),一种操作受限的线性表...
C实现
借助与C语言中的void指针及函数指针,我们可以实现一个链式通用栈:
/* stack.h */#ifndef _STACK_H_#define _STACK_H_typedef struct stackNode { void *value; struct stackNode *next;} stackNode;typedef struct stack { stackNode *top; void (*free)(void *ptr); unsigned long size; } stack;/* Functions implemented as macros */#define stackTop(s) ((s)->top)#define stackSize(s) ((s)->size)#define stackSetFreeMethod(s, m) ((s)->free = (m))#define stackGetFreeMethod(s) ((s)->free)stack *stackCreate(void);stack *stackPush(stack *stack, void *value);stackNode *stackPop(stack *stack);void stackClear(stack *stack);#endif /* _STACK_H_ *//* stack.c */#include <stdlib.h>#include "stack.h"stack *stackCreate(void){ struct stack *stack; if ((stack = (struct stack *)malloc(sizeof(struct stack))) == NULL) return NULL; stack->top = NULL; stack->free = NULL; stack->size = 0; return stack; }stack *stackPush(stack *stack, void *value){ stackNode *node; if ((node = (stackNode *)malloc(sizeof(stackNode))) == NULL) return NULL; node->value = value; node->next = (stack->size == 0) ? NULL : stack->top; stack->top = node; stack->size++; return stack; }stackNode *stackPop(stack *stack){ stackNode *node; node = stack->top; if (stack->size != 0) { stack->top = node->next; stack->size--; } return node; }void stackClear(stack *stack){ unsigned long size; stackNode *current, *next; current = stack->top; size = stack->size; while (size--) { next = current->next; if (stack->free) stack->free(current->value); free(current); current = next; } free(stack); }
这里的实现附设了一个头节点,主要用于注册与栈节点操作相关的函数。我们把栈的大小信息也存了进去,这样就可以在O(1)的时间内获取当前栈大小了!
Python实现
在Python中,list其实可以直接作为栈使用,如果你只在它的一端进行操作的话。当然我们也可以简单封装一下:
class Stack(object): """A stack encapsulation based on list.""" def __init__(self): self.items = [] def empty(self): return self.items == [] def clear(self): del self.items[:] @property def size(self): return len(self.items) def push(self, item): """Add a new item to the top of the stack.""" self.items.insert(0, item) def pop(self): """Remove the top item from the stack.""" return self.items.pop(0) def top(self): """Return the top item from the stack but not remove it. """ return self.items[0] def __iter__(self): return iter(self.items) def __next__(self): return self.pop()
应用
下面介绍几个栈的典型应用。
括号匹配
给你一个算术表达式或者一段C代码,如何写一个程序验证它其中的括号是否匹配?借助栈,可以很容易实现。算法流程如下:
遍历字符:
如果是左括号,push入栈;
如果是右括号,这时候如果栈为空,说明不匹配,如果栈不为空并且pop出栈的左括号与右括号类型不一样,说明不匹配;
遍历结束后,如果栈不为空,说明不匹配。
def check_pares(exp): """Check if parentheses match in a expression.""" stack = Stack() pares = {')': '(', ']': '[', '}': '{'} for x in exp: if x in '([{': stack.push(x) elif x in ')]}': if stack.empty() or pares[x] != stack.pop(): return False return True if stack.empty() else False
数制转换
以十进制转二进制为例:
def dec2bin(dec): """Converting decimal number to binary string.""" if dec == 0: return '0' stack = Stack() while dec: r = dec % 2 stack.push(r) dec = dec // 2 return ''.join(str(digit) for digit in stack)
模拟递归
遍历二叉树算是经典的递归应用了。我们以先序遍历为例,递归版本的代码很容易写:
def preorder_traversal(root): """ 1 / \ 2 3 / \ \ 4 5 6 """ if not root: return print(root.val) preorder_traversal(root.lchild) preorder_traversal(root.rchild)
下面是非递归的版本:
def preorder_traversal(root) s = Stack() while s.size or root: if root: print(root.val) s.push(root) root = root.lchild else: root = s.pop().rchild
作者:protream
链接:https://www.jianshu.com/p/1be7f579fd34