在Linux操作系统上编写shell脚本时, 主要涉及到执行系统命令, 目录和文件操作. 那么在python中怎么办呢, 这主要是几个模块的使用: os, os.path, shutil和sys...
os模块包含了大部分的Linux命令, 简单举例如下:
In [1]: import os
In [2]: os.system('ls -l')
total 12
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 107 Mar 1 19:31 1.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 214 Mar 1 19:30 2.txt
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 Mar 1 22:13 functions.sh -> /etc/init.d/functions
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Mar 1 22:16 test
Out[2]: 0
In [4]: os.listdir('.')
Out[4]: ['1.txt', 'functions.sh', '2.txt', 'test']
In [5]: os.chdir('test')
In [6]: os.getcwd()
Out[6]: '/tmp/test'
os.path模块主要是目录和文件操作, 简单举例如下:
In [12]: import os.path
In [13]: os.path.sep
Out[13]: '/'
In [14]: os.path.exists('1.txt')
Out[14]: True
In [15]: os.path.isdir('test')
Out[15]: True
In [16]: os.path.isfile('test')
Out[16]: False
In [17]: os.path.realpath('functions.sh')
Out[17]: '/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions'
In [18]: os.path.abspath('functions.sh')
Out[18]: '/tmp/functions.sh'
In [19]: os.path.split('/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions')
Out[19]: ('/etc/rc.d/init.d', 'functions')
In [21]: os.path.splitext('/tmp/functions.sh')
Out[21]: ('/tmp/functions', '.sh')
In [22]: os.path.dirname('/tmp/functions.sh')
Out[22]: '/tmp'
In [23]: os.path.basename('/tmp/functions.sh')
Out[23]: 'functions.sh'
In [25]: os.path.join('/tmp/test', 'stage')
Out[25]: '/tmp/test/stage'
shutil模块是高层次文件操作, 简单举例如下:
In [26]: import shutil
In [29]: os.rmdir('test')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
OSError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-29-c4255042d84c> in <module>()
----> 1 os.rmdir('test')
OSError: [Errno 39] Directory not empty: 'test'
In [30]: shutil.rmtree('test')
In [34]: shutil.copy('1.txt', '4.txt')
Out[34]: '4.txt'
In [41]: shutil.copytree('test', 'test_bak')
Out[41]: 'test_bak'
In [42]: shutil.move('test_bak', 'stage')
Out[42]: 'stage'
In [47]: shutil.get_unpack_formats()
Out[47]:
[('bztar', ['.tar.bz2', '.tbz2'], "bzip2'ed tar-file"),
('gztar', ['.tar.gz', '.tgz'], "gzip'ed tar-file"),
('tar', ['.tar'], 'uncompressed tar file'),
('zip', ['.zip'], 'ZIP file')]
In [48]: shutil.unpack_archive('tmux-2.6.tar.gz')
In [50]: shutil.make_archive('tmux26', 'zip', 'tmux-2.6')
Out[50]: '/tmp/tmux26.zip'
sys模块用于处理解释器运行时配置, 和操作系统环境资源交互的, 简单举例如下:
In [58]: import sys
In [59]: sys.argv
Out[59]: ['/root/.pyenv/versions/3.6.4/bin/ipython']
In [63]: sys.path
Out[63]:
['',
'/root/.pyenv/versions/3.6.4/bin',
'/root/.pyenv/versions/3.6.4/lib/python36.zip',
'/root/.pyenv/versions/3.6.4/lib/python3.6',
'/root/.pyenv/versions/3.6.4/lib/python3.6/lib-dynload',
'/root/.pyenv/versions/3.6.4/lib/python3.6/site-packages',
'/root/.pyenv/versions/3.6.4/lib/python3.6/site-packages/IPython/extensions',
'/root/.ipython']
In [67]: sys.getdefaultencoding()
Out[67]: 'utf-8'
In [68]: sys.getfilesystemencoding()
Out[68]: 'utf-8'
In [79]: sys.modules['os.path']
Out[79]: <module 'posixpath' from '/root/.pyenv/versions/3.6.4/lib/python3.6/posixpath.py'>
In [82]: sys.stderr
Out[82]: <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stderr>' mode='w' encoding='UTF-8'>
In [83]: sys.stdin
Out[83]: <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stdin>' mode='r' encoding='UTF-8'>
In [84]: sys.stderr
Out[84]: <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stderr>' mode='w' encoding='UTF-8'>
In [85]: sys.exit
Out[85]: <function sys.exit>
随时随地看视频
