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Java集合详解(五):Hashtable原理解析

幕布斯7119047
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概述

本文是基于jdk8_271版本进行分析的。
  Hashtable与HashMap一样,是一个存储key-value的双列集合。底层是基于数组+链表实现的,没有红黑树结构。Hashtable默认初始化容量为11,Hashtable也会动态扩容,与HashMap不同的是,每次扩容的容量是原容量2倍+1。Hashtable的key和value都不允许为null。Hashtable在方法上都加了synchronized同步锁。所以Hashtable是线程安全的,同时Hashtable的效率也相对较低。

数据结构

图片描述

  • 实现继承关系

1 public class Hashtable<K,V>
2 extends Dictionary<K,V>
3 implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable

  1. Dictionary:
  2. Map:
  3. Cloneable:
  4. Serializable:
  • 成员变量

1     // 存放hash表数据
 2     private transient Entry<?,?>[] table;
 3 
 4     // 元素数量
 5     private transient int count; 6 
 7     // 阈值。元素数量达到该值,进行扩容
 8     private int threshold; 9 
10     // 加载因子,默认是0.75
11     private float loadFactor; 12 
13     // 修改次数
14     private transient int modCount = 0;
  • 构造函数

Hashtable默认初始化容量为11,默认加载因子的值为0.75(与HashMap一样)。选择0.75作为默认的加载因子,完全是时间和空间成本上寻求的一种折中选择。加载因子过高虽然减少了空间开销,但同时也增加了查询成本;加载因子过低虽然可以减少查询时间成本,但是空间利用率很低。

Hashtable初始化容量值使用传入的值(0除外),不会重新计算(HashMap需要重新计算,使得容量大小为2的指数次幂)。在构造方法创建对象时,会直接初始化数组,没有采用懒加载的方式。

 1     public Hashtable(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) { 2         if (initialCapacity < 0)
 3             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
 4                                                initialCapacity);
 5         if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor)) 6             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Load: "+loadFactor);
 7         // 如果初始化容量传入的是0,则默认使用1
 8         if (initialCapacity==0)
 9             initialCapacity = 1; 10         this.loadFactor = loadFactor; 11         table = new Entry<?,?>[initialCapacity]; 12         // 计算阈值。预计的阈值为初始化容量*加载因子,预计的阈值如果大于MAX_ARRAY_SIZE + 1,则实际阈值设置为MAX_ARRAY_SIZE + 1
13         threshold = (int)Math.min(initialCapacity * loadFactor, MAX_ARRAY_SIZE + 1); 14 } 15 
16     public Hashtable(int initialCapacity) { 17         // 传入初始化容量,加载因子使用默认值0.75。初始化容量传入的是多少就初始化多大(0除外;传入的如果0,默认使用1),不需要再重新计算
18         this(initialCapacity, 0.75f); 19 } 20 
21     public Hashtable() { 22         // 默认初始化容量11,默认加载因子0.75
23         this(11, 0.75f); 24 } 25 
26     public Hashtable(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> t) { 27         // 初始化容量为传入集合元素数量的2倍(至少为11),加载因子使用默认值0.75
28         this(Math.max(2*t.size(), 11), 0.75f); 29 putAll(t); 30     }

主要方法解析

  • 扩容方法

这里与HashMap扩容时候有点区别,链表数据迁移时候,Hashtable是在链表头部插入(和之前链表反过来),HashMap是在尾部插入。

1     protected void rehash() { 2         int oldCapacity = table.length; // 原容量值
 3         Entry<?,?>[] oldMap = table;    // 原数组 4 
 5         // overflow-conscious code
 6         int newCapacity = (oldCapacity << 1) + 1;   // 预计扩容的容量为原容量的2倍+1
 7         if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0) {
 8             if (oldCapacity == MAX_ARRAY_SIZE)  // 预计扩容容量如果大于容量最大值,并且原容量为容量最大值,则不进行扩容处理 9                 // Keep running with MAX_ARRAY_SIZE buckets
10                 return; 11             newCapacity = MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;   // 预计扩容容量如果大于容量最大值,则将新容量设置为容量最大值
12 } 13         Entry<?,?>[] newMap = new Entry<?,?>[newCapacity];  // 构建一个新数组
14 
15         modCount++; // 修改次数+1 16         // 计算阈值。新容量值*加载因子,与容量最大值+1,两个比较取最小值
17         threshold = (int)Math.min(newCapacity * loadFactor, MAX_ARRAY_SIZE + 1); 18         table = newMap; 19 
20         for (int i = oldCapacity ; i-- > 0 ;) { 21             // 遍历原数组,从后往前
22             for (Entry<K,V> old = (Entry<K,V>)oldMap[i] ; old != null ; ) { 23                 // 遍历该索引位链表,这里与jdk8中hashmap有点区别,这里是在链表头部插入(和之前链表会反过来),hashmap是在尾部插入
24                 Entry<K,V> e = old; 25                 old = old.next; 26 
27                 int index = (e.hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % newCapacity; 28                 e.next = (Entry<K,V>)newMap[index]; 29                 newMap[index] = e; 30 } 31 } 32     }
  • 添加元素

添加元素时,Hashtable与HashMap有3点区别:

  1. Hashtable的key-value都不允许为null。
  2. Hashtable是在链表头部插入(和之前链表反过来),HashMap是在尾部插入。
  3. Hashtable是先判断是否需要扩容,再插入元素;jdk8HashMap是先插入元素再判断是否需要扩容。
 1     public synchronized V put(K key, V value) { 2         // Make sure the value is not null
 3         if (value == null) {
 4             // value为空,会抛出空指针异常
 5             throw new NullPointerException(); 6         }
 7 
 8         // Makes sure the key is not already in the hashtable.
 9         Entry<?,?> tab[] = table; 10         int hash = key.hashCode(); 11         int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length; 12         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") 13         Entry<K,V> entry = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index]; 14         for(; entry != null ; entry = entry.next) { 15             if ((entry.hash == hash) && entry.key.equals(key)) { 16                 // 该key已经存在,直接替换原值
17                 V old = entry.value; 18                 entry.value = value; 19                 return old; 20 } 21 } 22         // 添加元素
23 addEntry(hash, key, value, index); 24         return null; 25 } 26     private void addEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int index) { 27         modCount++; 28 
29         Entry<?,?> tab[] = table; 30         if (count >= threshold) {   // 判断是否元素数量是否达到阈值,如果达到先进行扩容处理 31             // Rehash the table if the threshold is exceeded
32 rehash(); 33 
34             tab = table; 35             hash = key.hashCode(); 36             index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length; 37 } 38 
39         // Creates the new entry.
40         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") 41         Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>) tab[index]; 42         // 插入元素是在链表头部插入
43         tab[index] = new Entry<>(hash, key, value, e); 44         count++; 45     }
  • 删除元素

 1     public synchronized V remove(Object key) { 2         Entry<?,?> tab[] = table; 3         int hash = key.hashCode(); 4         int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length; 5         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 6         Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index];
 7         for(Entry<K,V> prev = null ; e != null ; prev = e, e = e.next) { 8             if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) { 9                 modCount++; 10                 if (prev != null) { 11                     prev.next = e.next; 12                 } else { 13                     tab[index] = e.next; 14 } 15                 count--; 16                 V oldValue = e.value; 17                 e.value = null; 18                 return oldValue; 19 } 20 } 21         return null; 22 } 23     public synchronized boolean remove(Object key, Object value) { 24 Objects.requireNonNull(value); 25 
26         Entry<?,?> tab[] = table; 27         int hash = key.hashCode(); 28         int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length; 29         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") 30         Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index]; 31         for (Entry<K,V> prev = null; e != null; prev = e, e = e.next) { 32             if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key) && e.value.equals(value)) { 33                 modCount++; 34                 if (prev != null) { 35                     prev.next = e.next; 36                 } else { 37                     tab[index] = e.next; 38 } 39                 count--; 40                 e.value = null; 41                 return true; 42 } 43 } 44         return false; 45     }
  • 序列化/反序列化方法

 1     private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s) 2             throws IOException { 3         Entry<Object, Object> entryStack = null;
 4 
 5         synchronized (this) {
 6             // Write out the threshold and loadFactor
 7             s.defaultWriteObject();
 8 
 9             // Write out the length and count of elements
10 s.writeInt(table.length); 11 s.writeInt(count); 12 
13             // Stack copies of the entries in the table
14             for (int index = 0; index < table.length; index++) { 15                 Entry<?,?> entry = table[index]; 16 
17                 while (entry != null) { 18                     entryStack =
19                         new Entry<>(0, entry.key, entry.value, entryStack); 20                     entry = entry.next; 21 } 22 } 23 } 24 
25         // Write out the key/value objects from the stacked entries
26         while (entryStack != null) { 27 s.writeObject(entryStack.key); 28 s.writeObject(entryStack.value); 29             entryStack = entryStack.next; 30 } 31 } 32 
33     private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s) 34          throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException 35 { 36         // Read in the threshold and loadFactor
37 s.defaultReadObject(); 38 
39         // Validate loadFactor (ignore threshold - it will be re-computed)
40         if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor)) 41             throw new StreamCorruptedException("Illegal Load: " + loadFactor); 42 
43         // Read the original length of the array and number of elements
44         int origlength = s.readInt(); 45         int elements = s.readInt(); 46 
47         // Validate # of elements
48         if (elements < 0) 49             throw new StreamCorruptedException("Illegal # of Elements: " + elements); 50 
51         // Clamp original length to be more than elements / loadFactor 52         // (this is the invariant enforced with auto-growth)
53         origlength = Math.max(origlength, (int)(elements / loadFactor) + 1); 54 
55         // Compute new length with a bit of room 5% + 3 to grow but 56         // no larger than the clamped original length.  Make the length 57         // odd if it's large enough, this helps distribute the entries. 58         // Guard against the length ending up zero, that's not valid.
59         int length = (int)((elements + elements / 20) / loadFactor) + 3; 60         if (length > elements && (length & 1) == 0) 61             length--; 62         length = Math.min(length, origlength); 63 
64         if (length < 0) { // overflow
65             length = origlength; 66 } 67 
68         // Check Map.Entry[].class since it's the nearest public type to 69         // what we're actually creating.
70         SharedSecrets.getJavaOISAccess().checkArray(s, Map.Entry[].class, length); 71         table = new Entry<?,?>[length]; 72         threshold = (int)Math.min(length * loadFactor, MAX_ARRAY_SIZE + 1); 73         count = 0; 74 
75         // Read the number of elements and then all the key/value objects
76         for (; elements > 0; elements--) { 77             @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") 78                 K key = (K)s.readObject(); 79             @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") 80                 V value = (V)s.readObject(); 81             // sync is eliminated for performance
82 reconstitutionPut(table, key, value); 83 } 84     }

作者: Yanci丶
出处:https://www.cnblogs.com/Y2EX/p/14804679.html

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