概是1年以前写的了, 内容有些陈旧. 最近被nodejs搞得有点崩溃, 所以就又想把.net core 拾起来.看了看最新.net core 2.1 版, jwt的使用变得更加简单了.写下来记录一下.
1 . jwt 基础
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一个典型的JWT 字符串由三部分组成:
header: 头部,meta信息和算法说明
payload: 负荷(Claims ), 可在其中放入自定义内容, 比如, 用户身份等
signature: 签名, 数字签名, 用来保证前两者的有效性
三者之间由.分隔, 由Base64编码. 根据Bearer 认证规则, 添加在每一次http请求头的Authorization字段中, 这也是为什么每次这个字段都必须以Bearer jwy-token这样的格式的原因.
2. 实战
光说不练没有用, 让我们实战一下,首先安装 .net core 环境, 然后找个地方输入dotnet new webapi -n JWT , 新建一个名为JWT的webapi工程.
首先最重要的是
Startup.cs文件, 我们修改其中的ConfigureServices文件以启用JWT
using System;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Linq;using System.Text;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer;using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;namespace JWT
{ public class Startup
{
public Startup(IConfiguration configuration)
{
Configuration = configuration;
} public IConfiguration Configuration { get; } // This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to configure the HTTP request pipeline.
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
services.AddAuthentication(JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme)
.AddJwtBearer(options =>
{
options.TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters
{
ValidateIssuer = true,//validate the server
ValidateAudience = true,//ensure that the recipient of the token is authorized to receive it
ValidateLifetime = true,//check that the token is not expired and that the signing key of the issuer is valid
ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,//verify that the key used to sign the incoming token is part of a list of trusted keys
ValidIssuer = Configuration["Jwt:Issuer"],//appsettings.json文件中定义的Issuer
ValidAudience = Configuration["Jwt:Issuer"],//appsettings.json文件中定义的Audience
IssuerSigningKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(Configuration["Jwt:Key"]))
};//appsettings.json文件中定义的JWT Key
});
services.AddMvc();
}
}
}然后, 我们打开项目根目录下的appsettings.json文件, 添加上面那些值
//appsettings.json{// ...
"Jwt": { "Key": "veryVerySecretKey", "Issuer": "http://localhost:63939/"
}
}还要在Startup文件中启用JWT:
// This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to configure the HTTP request pipeline.
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)
{ if (env.IsDevelopment())
{
app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
}
app.UseAuthentication(); //配置启用
app.UseMvc();
}这样就已经可以了, JWT就已经能在项目中正常使用了, 是不是 soeasy?
下面我们在路由上配置jwt:
我们创建一个新的BookController:
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;using System;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Linq;using System.Security.Claims;namespace JWT.Controllers
{
[Route("api/[controller]")] public class BooksController : Controller
{
[HttpGet, Authorize]//启用jwt验证
public IEnumerable<Book> Get()
{
var currentUser = HttpContext.User;
var resultBookList = new Book[] { new Book { Author = "Ray Bradbury",Title = "Fahrenheit 451" }, new Book { Author = "Gabriel García Márquez", Title = "One Hundred years of Solitude" }, new Book { Author = "George Orwell", Title = "1984" }, new Book { Author = "Anais Nin", Title = "Delta of Venus" }
}; return resultBookList;
} public class Book
{
public string Author { get; set; } public string Title { get; set; } public bool AgeRestriction { get; set; }
}
}
}上面的get方法中, 我们增加了``标签, 表示此路由受到保护, 你也可以把这个标签加在类上, 这样整个api都受到保护. 但是如果我想使整个类都受到保护,但是除了一些api以外怎么办呢?答案是用AllowAnonymous标签:
[Authorize] public class BooksController : Controller
{
[HttpGet, AllowAnonymous] public IEnumerable<Book> Get()
{ //....
} //.....
}
认证失败
接下来, 我们来编写用户颁发JWT路由, 要不然我们的api没法访问了...
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;using System;using System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt;using System.Security.Claims;using System.Text;namespace JWT.Controllers
{
[Route("api/[controller]")] public class TokenController : Controller
{ private IConfiguration _config; public TokenController(IConfiguration config)
{
_config = config;
}
[AllowAnonymous]
[HttpPost] public IActionResult CreateToken([FromBody]LoginModel login)
{
IActionResult response = Unauthorized();
var user = Authenticate(login); if (user != null)
{
var tokenString = BuildToken(user);
response = Ok(new { token = tokenString });
} return response;
} private string BuildToken(UserModel user)
{
var key = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(_config["Jwt:Key"]));
var creds = new SigningCredentials(key, SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256);
var token = new JwtSecurityToken(_config["Jwt:Issuer"],
_config["Jwt:Issuer"],
expires: DateTime.Now.AddMinutes(30),
signingCredentials: creds); return new JwtSecurityTokenHandler().WriteToken(token);
} private UserModel Authenticate(LoginModel login)
{
UserModel user = null; if (login.Username == "mario" && login.Password == "secret")
{
user = new UserModel { Name = "Mario Rossi", Email = "mario.rossi@domain.com"};
} return user;
} public class LoginModel
{
public string Username { get; set; } public string Password { get; set; }
} private class UserModel
{
public string Name { get; set; } public string Email { get; set; } public DateTime Birthdate { get; set; }
}
}
}这个类虽然有点长,但是核心就是BuildToken方法, 我们使用config的信息,生成了一个30分钟有效期的jwt.
我们使用{"username": "mario", "password": "secret"}POST进行注册, 成功获取了 token
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然后 ,在每次请求头中带上这个token即可,Bearer xxxxxxx 使用postman即是:
image.png
3. JWT中的Claims
前面提到, JWT中的payload中, 是可以放入一些自定义信息的, 我们试试看:
修改前面TokenController中的BuildToken方法, 将用户信息加入其中:
private string BuildToken(UserModel user)
{ //添加Claims信息
var claims = new[] { new Claim(JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Sub, user.Name), new Claim(JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Email, user.Email), new Claim(JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Birthdate, user.Birthdate.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd")), new Claim(JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Jti, Guid.NewGuid().ToString())
}; var key = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(_config["Jwt:Key"])); var creds = new SigningCredentials(key, SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256); var token = new JwtSecurityToken(_config["Jwt:Issuer"],
_config["Jwt:Issuer"],
claims,//添加claims
expires: DateTime.Now.AddMinutes(30),
signingCredentials: creds); return new JwtSecurityTokenHandler().WriteToken(token);
}修改BooksController进行测试:
[Route("api/[controller]")]public class BooksController : Controller
{
[HttpGet, Authorize] public IEnumerable<Book> Get()
{
var currentUser = HttpContext.User; int userAge = 0;
var resultBookList = new Book[] { new Book { Author = "Ray Bradbury", Title = "Fahrenheit 451", AgeRestriction = false }, new Book { Author = "Gabriel García Márquez", Title = "One Hundred years of Solitude", AgeRestriction = false }, new Book { Author = "George Orwell", Title = "1984", AgeRestriction = false }, new Book { Author = "Anais Nin", Title = "Delta of Venus", AgeRestriction = true }
}; //取出token中的claim信息并验证, 如果用户年龄<18岁, 则去掉一些R级内容?哈哈
if (currentUser.HasClaim(c => c.Type == ClaimTypes.DateOfBirth))
{
DateTime birthDate = DateTime.Parse(currentUser.Claims.FirstOrDefault(c => c.Type == ClaimTypes.DateOfBirth).Value);
userAge = DateTime.Today.Year - birthDate.Year;
} if (userAge < 18)
{
resultBookList = resultBookList.Where(b => !b.AgeRestriction).ToArray();
} return resultBookList;
} public class Book
{
public string Author { get; set; } public string Title { get; set; } public bool AgeRestriction { get; set; }
}
}这样就行了.其实现实世界中我们最常用的是根据Claims中的Role来判断用户权限.
4 . CORS跨域(Cross-Origin Requests )的启用
一般, 使用JWT的场合都是要跨域的, 因为这时候客户端千差万别, 且都不在服务器的domain上, 在.net core中启用跨域也比较简单:
打开Startup文件, ``中添加以下内容:
services.AddCors(options =>
{
options.AddPolicy("CorsPolicy",
builder => builder.AllowAnyOrigin()
.AllowAnyMethod()
.AllowAnyHeader()
.AllowCredentials()
.Build());
});在Configure方法中加入:
app.UseCors("CorsPolicy");
作者：Angeladaddy
链接：https://www.jianshu.com/p/00078a4906be
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