新建的基于ejs模版的NodeJS项目.png
按照常规，去执行npm start
侧边栏左下角的npm命令.png
或者在Terminal中手动输入命令，结果如下：
C:\Subversion\test>npm start > test@0.0.0 start C:\Subversion\test> node ./bin/www
可以看到是执行了test/package.json文件中的start命令，初始packagejson.json文件内容如下：
{ "name": "test", "version": "0.0.0", "private": true, "scripts": { "start": "node ./bin/www"
}, "dependencies": { "cookie-parser": "~1.4.3", "debug": "~2.6.9", "ejs": "~2.5.7", "express": "~4.16.0", "http-errors": "~1.6.2", "morgan": "~1.9.0"
}
}执行start，对应的命令为node ./bin/www并在命令行执行。现在项目已经启动成功了，可以打开浏览器输入localhost:3000查看一下，但是本次侧重点在于项目启动时候发生的完整的过程。所以……
那么我们需要看一下 ./bin/www 文件
#!/usr/bin/env node/**
* Module dependencies.
*/var app = require('../app');var debug = require('debug')('test:server');var http = require('http');/**
* Get port from environment and store in Express.
*/var port = normalizePort(process.env.PORT || '3000');
app.set('port', port);/**
* Create HTTP server.
*/var server = http.createServer(app);/**
* Listen on provided port, on all network interfaces.
*/server.listen(port);
server.on('error', onError);
server.on('listening', onListening);/**
* Normalize a port into a number, string, or false.
*/function normalizePort(val) { var port = parseInt(val, 10); if (isNaN(port)) { // named pipe
return val;
} if (port >= 0) { // port number
return port;
} return false;
}/**
* Event listener for HTTP server "error" event.
*/function onError(error) { if (error.syscall !== 'listen') { throw error;
} var bind = typeof port === 'string'
? 'Pipe ' + port
: 'Port ' + port; // handle specific listen errors with friendly messages
switch (error.code) { case 'EACCES': console.error(bind + ' requires elevated privileges');
process.exit(1); break; case 'EADDRINUSE': console.error(bind + ' is already in use');
process.exit(1); break; default: throw error;
}
}/**
* Event listener for HTTP server "listening" event.
*/function onListening() { var addr = server.address(); var bind = typeof addr === 'string'
? 'pipe ' + addr
: 'port ' + addr.port;
debug('Listening on ' + bind);
}通过 require() 来引入本地安装的包，这里加载了三个包 app、debug 、http ，主要关注一下app.js
var createError = require('http-errors');var express = require('express');var path = require('path');var cookieParser = require('cookie-parser');var logger = require('morgan');var indexRouter = require('./routes/index');var usersRouter = require('./routes/users');var app = express();// view engine setupapp.set('views', path.join(__dirname, 'views'));
app.set('view engine', 'ejs');
app.use(logger('dev'));
app.use(express.json());
app.use(express.urlencoded({ extended: false }));
app.use(cookieParser());
app.use(express.static(path.join(__dirname, 'public')));
app.use('/', indexRouter);
app.use('/users', usersRouter);// catch 404 and forward to error handlerapp.use(function(req, res, next) {
next(createError(404));
});// error handlerapp.use(function(err, req, res, next) { // set locals, only providing error in development
res.locals.message = err.message;
res.locals.error = req.app.get('env') === 'development' ? err : {}; // render the error page
res.status(err.status || 500);
res.render('error');
});
module.exports = app;可以看到app加载的为该项目基础组件，核心为 var app = express(); 看一下express.js
var bodyParser = require('body-parser')var EventEmitter = require('events').EventEmitter;var mixin = require('merge-descriptors');var proto = require('./application');var Route = require('./router/route');var Router = require('./router');var req = require('./request');var res = require('./response');/**
* Expose `createApplication()`.
*/exports = module.exports = createApplication;/**
* Create an express application.
*
* @return {Function}
* @api public
*/function createApplication() { var app = function(req, res, next) {
app.handle(req, res, next);
};
mixin(app, EventEmitter.prototype, false);
mixin(app, proto, false); // expose the prototype that will get set on requests
app.request = Object.create(req, { app: { configurable: true, enumerable: true, writable: true, value: app }
}) // expose the prototype that will get set on responses
app.response = Object.create(res, { app: { configurable: true, enumerable: true, writable: true, value: app }
})
app.init(); return app;
}/**
* Expose the prototypes.
*/exports.application = proto;
exports.request = req;
exports.response = res;/**
* Expose constructors.
*/exports.Route = Route;
exports.Router = Router;/**
* Expose middleware
*/exports.json = bodyParser.json
exports.query = require('./middleware/query');
exports.static = require('serve-static');
exports.urlencoded = bodyParser.urlencoded将app用到的中间件等暴露出来，所以 app = express() 实际上就是加载应用基础组件，生成项目的根节点（当然这个节点是复合的）。所以在app.js中，进行的是加载应用基础组件并进行应用设置初始化（包含了视图目录设置、页面模板引擎设置、中间件的设置、静态资源目录设置以及错误捕捉相关内容）。
继续回到 www.js，同样将debug配置、http相关组件进行加载。继而是默认端口号的设定。通过http.createServer(app)，创建应用服务相关信息，并对端口进行监听。
浏览器输入localhost:3000
express框架项目跑起来了.png
控制台显示：
GET / 304 3.389 ms - - GET /stylesheets/style.css 304 0.680 ms - -
说明在以GET方式请求URI为"/"的资源，并以GET方式请求/stylesheets/style.css资源，这个发生在app.js中我们设定的资源请求。
var indexRouter = require('./routes/index');var usersRouter = require('./routes/users');
app.use('/', indexRouter);
app.use('/users', usersRouter);我们来看下 ./routes/index 文件
var express = require('express');var router = express.Router();/* GET home page. */router.get('/', function(req, res, next) {
res.render('index', { title: 'Express' });
});module.exports = router;即定义网站主页的路由
使用 express.Router 类创建模块化、可挂载的路由句柄（简称：路由模块）。Router 实例是一个完整的中间件和路由系统。最终，在应用中加载路由模块app.use('/', indexRouter);
通过 res.render 对视图进行渲染，上述为对index.ejs的渲染。ps：在app.js中已经设定了views的所在目录。语法：res.render（view [，locals] [，callback]）
locals 定义视图的局部变量。局部变量cache启用视图缓存。将其设置为true，以在开发期间缓存视图; 默认情况下，生产中启用了视图缓存。
callback 定义回调函数。如果存在，则该方法返回可能的错误和异常信息，将不执行自动相应。发生错误时，该方法在next(err)内部调用
示例：
// send the rendered view to the clientres.render('index');// if a callback is specified, the rendered HTML string has to be sent explicitlyres.render('index', function(err, html) {
res.send(html);
});// pass a local variable to the viewres.render('user', { name: 'Tobi' }, function(err, html) { // ...});
res响应方法.png
区别：路由句柄
为请求处理提供多个回调函数，其行为类似 中间件。唯一的区别是这些回调函数有可能调用 next('route') 方法跳至下一个同路由的回调函数而略过其他路由回调函数。路由句柄有多种形式，可以是一个函数、一个函数数组，或者是两者混合。
使用一个回调函数处理路由：
app.get('/example/a', function (req, res) {
res.send('Hello from A!');
});使用多个回调函数处理路由（记得指定 next 对象）：
app.get('/example/b', function (req, res, next) { console.log('response will be sent by the next function ...');
next();
}, function (req, res) {
res.send('Hello from B!');
});使用回调函数数组处理路由：
var cb0 = function (req, res, next) { console.log('CB0');
next();
}var cb1 = function (req, res, next) { console.log('CB1');
next();
}var cb2 = function (req, res) {
res.send('Hello from C!');
}
app.get('/example/c', [cb0, cb1, cb2]);混合使用函数和函数数组处理路由：
var cb0 = function (req, res, next) { console.log('CB0');
next();
}var cb1 = function (req, res, next) { console.log('CB1');
next();
}
app.get('/example/d', [cb0, cb1], function (req, res, next) { console.log('response will be sent by the next function ...');
next();
}, function (req, res) {
res.send('Hello from D!');
});区别：路由方法
一个路由示例：
var express = require('express');var app = express();// respond with "hello world" when a GET request is made to the homepageapp.get('/', function(req, res) {
res.send('hello world');
});
作者：miku设定
链接：https://www.jianshu.com/p/f3896653bbb3
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