Context 对于开发人员实在太常见了,各种 API 调用都需要 Context 的参与,如此广泛地出现,那就很有必要进行下深入地学习和理解,避免错误用法导致的内存泄露等等问题。
0X00 Context 是什么
在了解 Context 之前,看看为啥要有它。Context 的中文意思是上下文,提供了获取上下文相关信息的接口。通过 Context 能够获得应用级别的信息,这些信息包括 PackageManager、 Resource、 uid、System Service 等等。而这些信息,对于各种操作都是非常有必要的,我们看看 Toast 的 makeText 方法。
[代码]java代码:
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01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 | public static Toast makeText(Context context, CharSequence text, @Duration int duration) {
Toast result = new Toast(context);
LayoutInflater inflate = (LayoutInflater)
context.getSystemService(Context.LAYOUT_INFLATER_SERVICE);
View v = inflate.inflate(com.android.internal.R.layout.transient_notification, null);
TextView tv = (TextView)v.findViewById(com.android.internal.R.id.message);
tv.setText(text);
result.mNextView = v;
result.mDuration = duration;
return result;
}
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在 makeText 方法里面,通过 context 得到 LAYOUT_INFLATER_SERVICE 的系统服务。在其他需要 Context 的地方,也用着 Context 提供的各种信息。总结起来就是, Context 作为上下文环境信息的提供者,类似于一个工具集。
0X01 Context 架构
作为一个上下文环境,该如何实现呢?接下来直接明了地,看看 Context 具体的设计图。
Context 本身是一个抽象类,声明了作为一个 Context 对象需要实现的方法,也就是需要提供的上下文信息,例如getResources
,getPackageManager
等等。
[代码]java代码:
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01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 | public abstract class Context {
/** Return an AssetManager instance for your application's package. */
public abstract AssetManager getAssets();
/** Return a Resources instance for your application's package. */
public abstract Resources getResources();
/** Return PackageManager instance to find global package information. */
public abstract PackageManager getPackageManager();
/** Return a ContentResolver instance for your application's package. */
public abstract ContentResolver getContentResolver();
// other codes...
}
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ContextWrapper 是其中的一个子类,这个是代理的实现,这种代理模式在 Binder 机制中也被使用,机制是相同的。通过构造函数,或者 attachBaseContext 函数传入 baseContext,而在实际的方法中,就通过这个 baseContext 来进行实际的操作。下面代码中的getResources
方法,演示了如何通过 baseContext 进行的调用。
[代码]java代码:
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01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 | public class ContextWrapper extends Context {
Context mBase;
public ContextWrapper(Context base) {
mBase = base;
}
/**
* Set the base context for this ContextWrapper. All calls will then be
* delegated to the base context. Throws
* IllegalStateException if a base context has already been set.
*
* @param base The new base context for this wrapper.
*/
protected void attachBaseContext(Context base) {
if (mBase != null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Base context already set");
}
mBase = base;
}
@Override
public Resources getResources(){
return mBase.getResources();
}
}
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ContextImpl 是主要的实现类,实现了 Context 的大部分方法,针对 Application、Activity、Service 提供了对应的构造方法。
[代码]java代码:
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01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 | class ContextImpl extends Context {
// other codes...
static ContextImpl createAppContext(ActivityThread mainThread, LoadedApk packageInfo) {
if (packageInfo == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("packageInfo");
return new ContextImpl(null, mainThread,
packageInfo, null, null, false, null, null, Display.INVALID_DISPLAY);
}
static ContextImpl createActivityContext(ActivityThread mainThread,
LoadedApk packageInfo, int displayId, Configuration overrideConfiguration) {
if (packageInfo == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("packageInfo");
return new ContextImpl(null, mainThread, packageInfo, null, null, false,
null, overrideConfiguration, displayId);
}
@Override
public PackageManager getPackageManager() {
if (mPackageManager != null) {
return mPackageManager;
}
IPackageManager pm = ActivityThread.getPackageManager();
if (pm != null) {
// Doesn't matter if we make more than one instance.
return (mPackageManager = new ApplicationPackageManager(this, pm));
}
return null;
}
}
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ContextThemeWrapper 是在 ContextWrapper 的基础上,进行了主题相关的封装。因而 Activty 会继承这个,实现了主题相关的逻辑。而另一方面 Service 没有和主题相关的内容,这里继承自 ContextWrapper。
[代码]java代码:
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01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 | public class ContextThemeWrapper extends ContextWrapper {
public ContextThemeWrapper() {
super(null);
}
public ContextThemeWrapper(Context base, @StyleRes int themeResId) {
super(base);
mThemeResource = themeResId;
}
public ContextThemeWrapper(Context base, Resources.Theme theme) {
super(base);
mTheme = theme;
}
}
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0X02 Context 生命周期
根据前面的架构图,可以看到分别有 Application Context、Activity Context 和 Service Context 三种,接下来分析下他们的构建和销毁时间,这样可以帮助我们判断什么时候该用什么 Context。
Application Context
想看 Application Context 的创建时间,很自然地就会想到先看看 Application 的构建时候,也就是 ActivityThread 中的 handleBindApplication 方法。
[代码]java代码:
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01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 | private void handleBindApplication(AppBindData data) {
final ContextImpl appContext = ContextImpl.createAppContext(this, data.info);
try {
java.lang.ClassLoader cl = instrContext.getClassLoader();
mInstrumentation = (Instrumentation)
cl.loadClass(data.instrumentationName.getClassName()).newInstance();
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to instantiate instrumentation "
+ data.instrumentationName + ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
mInstrumentation.init(this, instrContext, appContext,
new ComponentName(ii.packageName, ii.name), data.instrumentationWatcher,
data.instrumentationUiAutomationConnection);
try {
// If the app is being launched for full backup or restore, bring it up in
// a restricted environment with the base application class.
Application app = data.info.makeApplication(data.restrictedBackupMode, null);
mInitialApplication = app;
// Do this after providers, since instrumentation tests generally start their
// test thread at this point, and we don't want that racing.
try {
mInstrumentation.onCreate(data.instrumentationArgs);
}
try {
mInstrumentation.callApplicationOnCreate(app);
} catch (Exception e) {
if (!mInstrumentation.onException(app, e)) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to create application " + app.getClass().getName()
+ ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
}
} finally {
StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(savedPolicy);
}
}
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在 LoadedApk 中的 makeApplication 方法中,调用了 Instrumentation 的 newApplication 方法。
[代码]java代码:
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01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 | try {
java.lang.ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader();
if (!mPackageName.equals("android")) {
initializeJavaContextClassLoader();
}
ContextImpl appContext = ContextImpl.createAppContext(mActivityThread, this);
app = mActivityThread.mInstrumentation.newApplication(
cl, appClass, appContext);
appContext.setOuterContext(app);
} catch (Exception e) {
if (!mActivityThread.mInstrumentation.onException(app, e)) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to instantiate application " + appClass
+ ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
}
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Instrumentation 中的 newApplication 方法,调用了 Application 中的 attachBaseContext 方法,从这一步开始,Application Context 就暴露出去,并可以在应用中使用了。
[代码]java代码:
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01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 | static public Application newApplication(Class<!--?--> clazz, Context context)
throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException,
ClassNotFoundException {
Application app = (Application)clazz.newInstance();
app.attach(context);
return app;
}
/* package */ final void attach(Context context) {
attachBaseContext(context);
mLoadedApk = ContextImpl.getImpl(context).mPackageInfo;
}
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这个 Context 的生命周期和 Application 一致,一般情况下使用这个 Context 不会引发内存泄露等问题。
Activity Context
Activity 在启动的时候会进行 context 的创建,相关的代码在 ActivityThread 中的 perfromLaunchActivity 方法。
[代码]java代码:
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01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | Activity activity = null;
try {
java.lang.ClassLoader cl = r.packageInfo.getClassLoader();
activity = mInstrumentation.newActivity(
cl, component.getClassName(), r.intent);
StrictMode.incrementExpectedActivityCount(activity.getClass());
r.intent.setExtrasClassLoader(cl);
r.intent.prepareToEnterProcess();
if (r.state != null) {
r.state.setClassLoader(cl);
}
} catch (Exception e) {
if (!mInstrumentation.onException(activity, e)) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to instantiate activity " + component
+ ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
}
if (activity != null) {
Context appContext = createBaseContextForActivity(r, activity);
CharSequence title = r.activityInfo.loadLabel(appContext.getPackageManager());
Configuration config = new Configuration(mCompatConfiguration);
if (DEBUG_CONFIGURATION) Slog.v(TAG, "Launching activity "
+ r.activityInfo.name + " with config " + config);
activity.attach(appContext, this, getInstrumentation(), r.token,
r.ident, app, r.intent, r.activityInfo, title, r.parent,
r.embeddedID, r.lastNonConfigurationInstances, config,
r.referrer, r.voiceInteractor);
// other codes.
activity.mCalled = false;
if (r.isPersistable()) {
mInstrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(activity, r.state, r.persistentState);
} else {
mInstrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(activity, r.state);
}
}
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在 callActivityOnCreate 方法里,会执行 Activity 的 onCreate 方法,从这开始 Activity 这个 Context 就已经可用了。这里可以看到 Activity 与 新建的 context 紧紧地绑定在一起。如果我们在一些耗时操作中,引用了 Activity 这种 Context 就可能会导致内存泄露。
Service Context
[代码]java代码:
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01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 | private void handleCreateService(CreateServiceData data) {
// ......
Service service = null;
try {
java.lang.ClassLoader cl = packageInfo.getClassLoader();
service = (Service) cl.loadClass(data.info.name).newInstance();
} catch (Exception e) {
......
}
try {
// ......
ContextImpl context = ContextImpl.createAppContext(this, packageInfo);
context.setOuterContext(service);
Application app = packageInfo.makeApplication(false, mInstrumentation);
service.attach(context, this, data.info.name, data.token, app,
ActivityManagerNative.getDefault());
service.onCreate();
// ......
} catch (Exception e) {
// ......
}
}
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Service 与 Activity 类似,也是与 Service 同样生命周期。
0X04 各种 Context 的使用场景
原文链接:http://www.apkbus.com/blog-719059-61727.html
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